S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is a sulfonium molecule with a structural hybrid of methionine and adenosine. As the second largest cofactor in the human body, its major function is to serve as methyl ...donor for SAM-dependent methyltransferases (MTases). The resultant transmethylation of biomolecules constitutes a significant biochemical mechanism in epigenetic regulation, cellular signaling, and metabolite degradation. Recently, numerous SAM analogs have been developed as synthetic cofactors to transfer the activated groups on MTase substrates for downstream ligation and identification. Meanwhile, new compounds built upon or derived from the SAM scaffold have been designed and tested as selective inhibitors for important MTase targets. Here, we summarized the recent development and application of SAM analogs as chemical biology tools for MTases.
Introduction: Depression is one of the most disabling diseases worldwide. Approximately one-third of depressed patients are treatment-resistant to the currently available antidepressants and there is ...a significant therapeutic time lag of weeks to months. There is a clear unmet need for rapid-acting and more efficacious treatments. (R,S)-ketamine, an old anesthetic drug, appears now to be going through a renaissance.
Areas covered: This paper reviews recent literature describing the antidepressant effects of ketamine and its enantiomer (S)-ketamine in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Furthermore, the authors discuss the therapeutic potential of (R)-ketamine, another enantiomer of (R,S)-ketamine, and (S)-norketamine.
Expert commentary: A number of clinical studies have demonstrated that (R,S)-ketamine has rapid-acting and sustained antidepressant activity in treatment-resistant patients with MDD, BD, and other psychiatric disorders. Off-label use of ketamine for mood disorders is proving popular in the United States. Meanwhile, preclinical data suggests that (R)-ketamine can exert longer-lasting antidepressant effects than (S)-ketamine in animal models of depression, and (R)-ketamine may have less detrimental side effects than (R,S)-ketamine and (S)-ketamine. Additionally, (S)-norketamine exhibits rapid and sustained antidepressant effects, with a potency similar to that of (S)-ketamine. Unlike (S)-ketamine, (S)-norketamine does not cause behavioral and biochemical abnormalities and could be a safer than (S)-ketamine too.
Schinus es un género muy conocido, ecológica y económicamente importante en Argentina. Un estudio filogenético molecular reciente propuso una nueva clasificación infragenérica de Schinus en ...secciones. La sección Myrtifolia se ha definido como un clado de ca. 11 especies de las Yungas, cinco de las cuales se encuentran en Argentina (S. gracilipes, S. huyngan var. subtridentata, S. meyeri, S. myrtifolia y S. venturii). El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar una síntesis actualizada de la diversidad de Schinus sección Myrtifolia en Argentina. Se revisaron y realizaron nuevas colecciones. La metodología fue la tradicional de estudios taxonómicos, con observaciones morfológicas. Se analizaron protólogos, tipos y se registraron distribuciones geográficas. Nuestros resultados apoyan la existencia de solo cuatro especies en Argentina, porque proponemos la sinonimia de S. meyeri con S. venturii y de S. gracilipes var. pilosa con S. gracilipes. Schinus huyngan var. subtridentata es una nueva cita. Se presenta un mapa de distribución de las cuatro especies y una clave taxonómica. Schinus gracilipes y S. huyngan var. subtridentata son las especies más fáciles de identificar; S. myrtifolia y S. venturii muestran la mayor variación morfológica foliar. Las especies se diferencian entre sí por su distribución latitudinal.
A partir de una revisión de la figura de James S. Holmes como pensador pionero de la traductología contemporánea, el presente artículo marco identifica aspectos clave sobre la reflexión de lo queer ...en artefactos culturales traducidos. La exposición se divide en tres secciones relacionadas con el concepto de la mirada insumisa, elaborado por Alberto Mira, para reconocer los trayectos queer de la traductología desde su formación disciplinar pasando por el surgimiento de los enfoques de género hasta las investigaciones reunidas en este número especial. La segunda sección incluye un breve repaso sobre cómo se ha traducido la palabra queer en español y la manera en que esta se ha naturalizado en otra palabra, «cuir». La tercera sección incluye una organización en tres etapas sobre cómo se haconstruido una traductología del género: traducción y género; traducción y queer/cuir, y traducción y transgénero. El texto concluye con una breve presentación de cada uno de los doce artículos reunidos en este número.
Nina S. de Friedemann (1930-1998) fue una antropóloga pública. Ella ejerció la investigación comprometida, con miras a la justicia social para los grupos de base con quienes colaboró y estudió. Fue ...una investigadora que se anticipó en cinco décadas a la antropología pública de las académicas noratlánticas. Nina S. de Friedemann también es pionera en los estudios afrocolombianos y en la antropología visual. Su énfasis profesional radicó en documentar y defender las contribuciones culturales de las poblaciones negras a la identidad de una Colombia étnicamente diversa. La obra de esta pionera fue fundamental. Inspiró a líderes de las comunidades negras en sus reivindicaciones que culminaron en la Ley 70 de 1993, también conocida como la ley de negritudes. Sus materiales de investigación se encuentran en la Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango con el nombre Fondo Nina S. de Friedemann, un repositorio ahora catalogado y disponible para su estudio. En el contexto del lanzamiento del fondo, Greta Friedemann-Sánchez reflexionó sobre el legado de Nina S. de Friedmann, su madre, como académica comprometida públicamente. Revisó materiales inéditos, correspondencia, publicaciones y fotografías de Nina S. de Friedemann. Este artículo revisa tres pilares del legado ético de Friedemann. El primero es el registro y documentación de los datos de investigación e incidencia pública. El segundo es el registro histórico y público de la aplicación de la investigación al beneficio directo de las necesidades de las personas. El tercero es la repatriación de los resultados de investigación en una variedad de registros para difundirlos a un amplio conjunto de audiencias con el objetivo de cambiar las normas culturales y promover políticas públicas para la justicia social. Estos pilares se revisan dentro del marco normativo contemporáneo de protección de los sujetos humanos y el contexto histórico durante el cual ejerció esta antropóloga. Palabras clave: antropología colombiana, antropología comprometida, antropología pública, archivos históricos, ética. Nina S. de Friedemann (1930-1998) was a public anthropologist. She practiced engaged research, with a view to promoting social justice for the communities with whom she collaborated and studied, and she anticipated the public anthropology of the North Atlantic academia by five decades. Nina S. de Friedemann was a pioneer in Afro-Colombian studies and in visual anthropology. Her professional emphasis was on documenting and defending the cultural contributions of black populations to the identity of an ethnically diverse Colombia. The work of this pioneer was fundamental and inspired leaders of the black communities in their demands that culminated in Law 70 of 1993, also known as the ley de negritudes. Her research materials are housed at the Luis Angel Arango Library under the name Fondo Nina S. de Friedemann, a repository now cataloged and available for study. In the context of the fund's launch, Greta Friedemann-Sánchez reflected on her mother's legacy as a publicly engaged scholar. She reviewed unpublished materials, correspondence, publications, and photographs by Nina S. de Friedemann. This article reviews three pillars of Friedemann's ethical legacy: the recording and documentation of research and public advocacy data, the historical and public record of the application of research to the direct benefit of people's needs, and the repatriation of research results in a variety of registers to disseminate results to a broad range of audiences in an attempt to change cultural norms and promote public policies for social justice. These pillars are reviewed within the contemporary normative framework for the protection of human subjects and the historical context during which she worked as an anthropologist. Keywords: Colombian anthropology, engaged anthropology, ethics, historical archives, public anthropology. Nina S. de Friedemann (1930-1998) foi urna antropóloga pública que exerceu a pesquisa comprometida, com vistas a justica social para os grupos de base com os quais colaborou e estudou. Foi urna pesquisadora que antecipou em cinco décadas a antropología pública das académicas do Atlántico Norte. Nina S. de Friedemann também é pioneira nos estudos afro-colombianos e na antropología visual. Sua énfase profissional se encontra em documentar e defender as contribuicoes culturais das populacoes negras para a identidade de urna Colombia étnicamente diversa. Sua obra foi fundamental, pois inspirou líderes das comunidades em suas reinvindicacoes que culminaram na Lei 70 de 1993, conhecida como "ley de negritudes". Seus materiais de pesquisa se encontram na Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango, Colombia, com o nome "Fondo Nina S. de Friedemann", um repositorio agora catalogado e disponível para estudo. No contexto do lancamento do fundo, Greta Friedemann-Sánchez refletiu sobre o legado de Nina S. de Friedmann, sua máe, como académica comprometida publicamente. Revisou materiais inéditos, correspondencia, publicacoes e fotografías de Nina S. de Friedemann. Neste artigo, sao revisados tres pilares do legado ético de Friedemann. O primeiro é o registro e a documentacáo dos dados de pesquisa e incidencia pública. O segundo é o registro histórico e público da aplicacáo da pesquisa ao beneficio direto das necessidades das pessoas. O terceiro é a repatriacáo dos resultados de pesquisa numa variedade de registros para difundi-los a um ampio conjunto de audiencias com o objetivo de mudar as normas culturáis e promover políticas públicas para a justica social. Esses pilares sao revisados no ámbito legal contemporáneo de protecáo dos sujeitos humanos e do contexto histórico em que trabalhou como antropóloga. Palavras-chave: antropología colombiana, antropología comprometida, antropología pública, arquivos históricos, ética.
The paper gives a survey and presents a critical analysis of Peirce's studies in Egyptology from 1885 to 1904, as documented mainly in MSS 1227, 1228, 1244, and 1294. It examines Peirce's studies and ...advances in the language and script of Pharaonic Egypt as well as his assessments of the scientific achievements of the Ancient Egyptians. Among the linguistic topics in focus are Peirce's assumptions concerning the iconicity of hieroglyphic writing, his conjectures on the origins of indexical words from nouns, and his hypotheses concerning the proximity of Ancient Egyptian to the ursprache of humans. The paper traces some of Peirce's hypotheses concerning the structure of Egyptian to his fundamental assumptions about iconicity and indexicality in language. Altogether, Peirce was not only very familiar with the state of the art of contemporary Egyptology, but he also achieved a remarkable competence of the Egyptian language and its hieroglyphic writing. While some of Peirce's insights into the language and civilization of the Ancient Egyptians are still tenable, others reflect certain misinterpretations of the scholarship of his time, which call for correction in light of the state of the art of today's Egyptology.
Children’s dreams Jung, C. G; Jung, C. G
2012., 20120112, 2012, 2008, 2008-01-01, Letnik:
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In the 1930s C. G. Jung embarked upon a bold investigation into childhood dreams as remembered by adults to better understand their significance to the lives of the dreamers. Jung presented his ...findings in a four-year seminar series at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. Children's Dreams marks their first publication in English, and fills a critical gap in Jung's collected works.
Muscle moment arms are important determinants of muscle function; however, it is challenging to determine moment arms by inspecting bone specimens alone, as muscles have curvilinear paths that change ...as joints rotate. The goals of this study were to (1) develop a three-dimensional graphics-based model of the musculoskeletal system of the Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex that predicts muscle-tendon unit paths, lengths, and moment arms for a range of limb positions; (2) use the model to determine how the T. rex hindlimb muscle moment arms varied between crouched and upright poses; (3) compare the predicted moment arms with previous assessments of muscle function in dinosaurs; (4) evaluate how the magnitudes of these moment arms compare with those in other animals; and (5) integrate these findings with previous biomechanical studies to produce a revised appraisal of stance, gait, and speed in T. rex. The musculoskeletal model includes ten degrees of joint freedom (flexion/extension, ab/adduction, or medial/ lateral rotation) and 33 main muscle groups crossing the hip, knee, ankle, and toe joints of each hindlimb. The model was developed by acquiring and processing bone geometric data, defining joint rotation axes, justifying muscle attachment sites, and specifying muscle-tendon geometry and paths. Flexor and extensor muscle moment arms about all of the main limb joints were estimated, and limb orientation was statically varied to characterize how the muscle moment arms changed. We used sensitivity analysis of uncertain parameters, such as muscle origin and insertion centroids, to deterimine how much our conclusions depend on the muscle reconstruction we adopted. This shows that a specific amount of error in the reconstruction (e.g., position of muscle origins) can have a greater, lesser, similar, or no effect on the moment arms, depending on complex interactions between components of the musculoskeletal geometry. We found that more upright poses would have improved mechanical advantage of the muscles considerably. Our analysis shows that previously assumed moment arm values were generally conservatively high. Our results for muscle moment arms are generally lower than the values predicted by scaling data from extant taxa, suggesting that T. rex did not have the allometrically large muscle moment arms that might be expected in a proficient runner. The information provided by the model is important for determining how T. rex stood and walked, and how the muscles of a 4000–7000 kg biped might have worked in comparison with extant bipeds such as birds and humans. Our model thus strengthens the conclusion that T. rex was not an exceptionally fast runner, and supports the inference that more upright (although not completely columnar) poses are more plausible for T. rex. These results confirm general principles about the relationship between size, limb orientation, and locomotor mechanics: exceptionally big animals have a more limited range of locomotor abilities and tend to adopt more upright poses that improve extensor muscle effective mechanical advantage. This model builds on previous phylogenetically based muscle reconstructions and so moves closer to a fully dynamic, three-dimensional model of stance, gait, and speed in T. rex.
Introdução: A infecção por S. aureus está associada a alta morbi-mortalidade. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo descrevendo infecção grave por S.aureus em pacientes internados de 2016 a 2021. ...Realizada busca nos registros de microbiologia e revisão de prontuários para coleta de dados. Análise estatística com R 4.0.1 Resultados: Foram incluídos 67 pacientes, que apresentavam os seguintes sítios de infecção: 29 (43.3%) bacteremia e 38 infecções em outros sítios (lesão cutânea, pulmonar e outros). Eram homens 37 (55,2%); 69.4% negros, com idade mediana de 46 anos (IIQ = 31). As comorbidades mais frequentes em pessoas com infecção por S.aureus foram: Diabetes Mellitus (DM 17.9%), Hipertensão (13.4%), Doença Renal Crônica (DRC 11.9%), Câncer Recente (isto é, nos últimos 6 meses (CA 7.5%), Dermatopatia crônica (9%), e HTLV (9%), e pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS (PVHIV) 31(46,3%). Os PVHIV eram mais jovens que os não portadores do vírus (36 vs 60 anos, p < 0,001). A mediana do CD4 foi de 95 células/mm3, e 25/31 (75.8%) das PVHIV estavam em uso de terapia antirretroviral (TARV). Identificou- se que nos PVHIV, 7 (22%) já apresentavam-se colonizados por MRSA na admissão e que 20 (64%) PVHIV tinha infecção comunitária por S.aureus. Nos PVHIV afigurou- se uma prevalência de 38.7% de infecções por MRSA e destes, 100% era sensível a sulfametoxazol-trimetoprima (SXT), à doxiciclina e à linezolida; e 90% a clindamicina, mostrando-se fenotipicamente com padrão de MRSA comunitário. Internação em CTI ocorreu em 32.3% das PVHIV vs 50% (p = 0.22) dos soronegativos, e cerca de 1/3 das PVHIV e das soronegativas necessitou de suporte ventilatório de aminas e de HD. Registrou-se 25.8% de óbitos em 30 dias para os PVHIV vs 20% naqueles soronegativos para HIV (p = 0.789). Conclusão: Nosso estudo mostrou alta taxa de colonização por MRSA (38.7%) em PVHIV com infecção grave por S.aureus, maior que a descrita na população geral sem infecção por S.aureus (0.3% a 1.3%) e nos profissionais de saúde (1.3 a 2.3%). As comorbidades na população geral do estudo se assemelha àquelas descritas em outros estudos, como HIV, DM, Ca recente e condições que predispõem quebra de integridade cutânea – DRC. Observamos uma população mais jovem com S.aureus e HIV comparando com os soronegativos. Em consonância com a literatura, que coloca CD4<200 como um fator de risco para infecções estafilocóciccas, a mediana do CD4 foi de 95 nas PVHIV. Não houve diferença de desfechos graves entre PVHIV e os demais.
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