The allelopathic potency of rye (
Secale cereale
L.) is due mainly to the presence of phytotoxic benzoxazinones—compounds whose biosynthesis is developmentally regulated, with the highest ...accumulation in young tissue and a dependency on cultivar and environmental influences. Benzoxazinones can be released from residues of greenhouse-grown rye at levels between 12 and 20 kg/ha, with lower amounts exuded by living plants. In soil, benzoxazinones are subject to a cascade of transformation reactions, and levels in the range 0.5–5 kg/ha have been reported. Starting with the accumulation of less toxic benzoxazolinones, the transformation reactions in soil primarily lead to the production of phenoxazinones, acetamides, and malonamic acids. These reactions are associated with microbial activity in the soil. In addition to benzoxazinones, benzoxazolin-2(3
H
)-one (BOA) has been investigated for phytotoxic effects in weeds and crops. Exposure to BOA affects transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome patterns of the seedlings, inhibits germination and growth, and can induce death of sensitive species. Differences in the sensitivity of cultivars and ecotypes are due to different species-dependent strategies that have evolved to cope with BOA. These strategies include the rapid activation of detoxification reactions and extrusion of detoxified compounds. In contrast to sensitive ecotypes, tolerant ecotypes are less affected by exposure to BOA. Like the original compounds BOA and MBOA, all exuded detoxification products are converted to phenoxazinones, which can be degraded by several specialized fungi via the Fenton reaction. Because of their selectivity, specific activity, and presumably limited persistence in the soil, benzoxazinoids or rye residues are suitable means for weed control. In fact, rye is one of the best cool season cover crops and widely used because of its excellent weed suppressive potential. Breeding of benzoxazinoid resistant crops and of rye with high benzoxazinoid contents, as well as a better understanding of the soil persistence of phenoxazinones, of the weed resistance against benzoxazinoids, and of how allelopathic interactions are influenced by cultural practices, would provide the means to include allelopathic rye varieties in organic cropping systems for weed control.
Winter rye is an important crop of the Non-Chernozem belt of Russia, the productivity of which depends on the use of fertilizers. The paper presents data on the agronomic and economic efficiency of ...cultivating Falenskaya 4 winter rye under conditions of long-term use of mineral fertilizers. The studies were carried out in 2019-2021 in Perm Region on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil in a long-term stationary experiment based on a reduced factorial design (6x6x6) with a wide range of doses and NPK ratios. The highest yield in 2019 was obtained in N30P120K120 variant (3.07 t/ha), the highest payback of mineral fertilizers by grain was noted in N90 and N30P30K30 variants (6.00 and 5.69 kg of grain). The highest yield and payback of grain in the conditions of 2021 and for two years of research in average was obtained in the variant N90: in 2021, 3.01 t/ha and 13.96 kg of grain, for 2 years average – 2.95 t/ha and 9.82 kg of grain. The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers has been proved by a regression equation for two years average, phosphoric and potash fertilizers did not have a significant effect. The rise in the yield increase occurred up to a nitrogen dose of 90 kg/ha and amounted to 0.42 t/ha at N90. The highest payback by grain was noted among nitrogen treatments – by N30 (7.3 kg of grain), with each increase in doses by 30 kg/ha, this indicator decreased linearly by 1.3 kg. The highest profitability over the years of research was obtained in the variant without fertilizers– 60 %, over two years in average. The profitability of using N90 was higher compared with the control only in 2021 – 50 % versus 43 %. All the studied doses of nitrogen used separately provided positive profitability, but the most cost-effective was the use of N30 and N60 – profitability was 52 and 45 %, respectively.
•Cold hardy rye genotypes accumulated the highest amounts and diversity of anthocyanins.•Glycosylated cyanidins were preferentially accumulated in cold hardy genotypes.•Delphinidin and pelargonidin ...glycosides were unrelated to cold hardiness.•A higher accumulation of anthocyanins in leaves than in crowns upon cold acclimation.
Fall-seeded rye improve their frost resistance during a cold acclimation period in the fall, which is often associated with an accumulation of red/purple-colored anthocyanins in plant tissues. The pigments provide antioxidant activity and are proposed to scavenge excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitigate light stress occurring during cold exposure. The relationship between anthocyanin and winter hardiness in rye (Secale cereale L.) was assessed by analyzing 96 genotypes with varying levels of winter survival. HPLC-QTOF MS/MS analyses of tissue extracts prepared from cold-acclimated plants revealed presence of accumulated anthocyanins in leaves of 74 genotypes and 51 of these showed low levels of anthocyanins presence in crown tissues. An overall higher abundance and diversity of anthocyanins was noted for the most cold-hardy as compared to the less hardy genotypes. A total of 18 anthocyanins originating from the pelargonidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin precursors were identified, of which the glycosylated cyanidins were accumulated in 37 of the 39 most winter hardy genotypes, but only detected in six of the 38 most tender genotypes. The link between anthocyanin concentration and profiles with winter-hardiness levels for the 96 rye genotypes suggested a role for cyanidin-derived anthocyanins in mediating enhanced winter hardiness in rye.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was used to estimate the environmental impacts and identify the most critical stages (hotspots) of cultivation of three cereal crops typically used for animal ...feed purposes – barley, rye and sorghum – in the Lombardy region, the most productive crop and livestock area in Northern Italy. The crop variety (out of 3 and 4 varieties of barley and rye, respectively) and cultivation regime (single vs. double cropping of sorghum) with the lowest impacts per kg of crude protein (mass-based functional unit) were identified. Environmental impact categories reported by ReCiPe method were used. According to the results, both Reni and Dank Nowe were the varieties with the lowest environmental impacts for barley and rye varieties, respectively; single cropping of sorghum had lower impacts than double cropping. Impact hotspots included field emissions, agricultural activities and agrochemical (fertilisers and herbicides) production regardless the cropping system considered. Moreover, among the cereals studies, rye was identified as the best environmental alternative. Use of land-based and economic functional units did not change the ranking of systems according to their impacts.
Background and aims
Soil nitrogen (N) immobilization from cover crop residues may help suppress weeds. We established a gradient of cereal rye shoot biomass to determine the extent that soil N can be ...immobilized and its effect on redroot pigweed (
Amaranthus retroflexus
L.).
Methods
A microplot study was conducted in no-till cereal rye (
Secale cereale
L.)—soybean (
Glycine max
L. (Merr.)) systems at two sites in eastern USA. Microplots received 0, 2000, 5000, 8000, 12,000 or 15,000 kg ha
−1
of cereal rye shoot biomass, and were injected with two mg
15
N kg
−1
soil 5 cm below the soil surface. Pigweeds were sown and allowed to germinate.
Results
Maximum rates of cereal rye shoot decomposition were observed at ≥5000 kg ha
−1
. Although cereal rye shoot N declined, shoots became enriched with
15
N, indicating fungal transfer of soil N to shoots. Soil inorganic N declined by an average of 5 kg N ha
−1
. Pigweed tissue N and biomass were reduced in the presence of cereal rye. The magnitude of pigweed N reduction was similar across all shoot application rates.
Conclusions
We found weak evidence for a cereal rye shoot-based N immobilization mechanism of weed suppression. Our results indicate N immobilization may be primarily due to root residues.
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•Modulation of androgenesis-inducible stress intensity causes changes in the activity of the β-1,3-glucanases, chitinases and AGP in rye.•∼26 kDa and some acidic isoforms of ...β-1,3-glucanases are anther specific.•β-1,3-Glucanases and chitinases (GH18 and GH19) are highly active in anthers.•JIM 4 and JIM 13 are detectable in anthers/microspores.•JIM 13 is required to trigger microspores towards embryogenesis.
This work presents the biochemical, cytochemical and molecular studies on two groups of PR proteins, β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases, and the arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) during the early stages of androgenesis induction in two breeding lines of rye (Secale cereale L.) with different androgenic potential. The process of androgenesis was initiated by tillers pre-treatments with low temperature, mannitol and/or reduced glutathione and resulted in microspores reprogramming and formation of androgenic structures what was associated with high activity of β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases. Some isoforms of β-1,3-glucanases, namely several acidic isoforms of about 26 kDa; appeared to be anther specific. Chitinases were well represented but were less variable. RT-qPCR revealed that the cold-responsive chitinase genes Chit1 and Chit2 were expressed at a lower level in the microspores and whole anthers while the cold-responsive Glu2 and Glu3 were not active. The stress pre-treatments modifications promoted the AGP accumulation. An apparent dominance of some AGP epitopes (LM2, JIM4 and JIM14) was detected in the androgenesis-responsive rye line. An abundant JIM13 epitopes in the vesicles and inner cell walls of the microspores and in the cell walls of the anther cell layers appeared to be the most specific for embryogenesis.
Rye is a dual-purpose crop, for nutrition but also for bioenergy. The
selection of rye is aimed at its improvement as a plant for human and animal
consumption, but also it is interesting for ...bioenergy production as it
combines high biomass production with low environmental impact. There is a
growing demand for sustainable sources of biomass worldwide. Directions for
achieving rye selection for energy purposes include selection to increase
biomass yield and corresponding physiological properties. During three years
(2019-2021), four rye genotypes were examined. The aim of this study was to
examine the influence of genotype (G), year (Y) and their interaction (G?Y)
on rye productivity parameters: plant height (PH), spike length (SL),
1000-grain weight (TGW), hectoliter mass (HM), green biomass yield (GBY),
biogas yield (BGY) as well as the possibility of using rye as an alternative
fuel. Rye is an excellent raw material for the production of healthy food,
but also for the production of biofuels. The study discussed the potential
use of four high yielding genotypes for biofuel production. Genotype G1
(25.29 t ha-1) had a statistically significantly higher average green
biomass yield compared to genotypes G2, G3 and G4 (22.98 t ha-1, 23.56 t
ha-1 and 23.76 t ha-1). Significant G?Y interactions demonstrate differences
between rye genotypes in response to environmental conditions. Plant height
was directly proportional to biomass yield. As one of the targets in
breeding programs, to develop taller cultivars as biofuel feedstock.
Screening and selection of appropriate rye varieties for each region is
critical for optimum results.
Background
. Cereal ergot caused by the fungus
Claviceps purpurea
(Fr.) Tul. is a progressive disease of winter rye. There are no rye cultivars resistant to the disease, and breeding methods of ...protection have not been developed in Russia.
Materials and methods
. The material for the research included 97 winter rye cultivars. A biochemical analysis of the sclerotia of the fungus was carried out, the composition and content of ergot alkaloids (EA) in the sclerotia of
C. purpurea
from the Kirov population were studied, and the relationship between the biometry of sclerotia and the EA content, toxicity and pathogenicity of
C. purpurea
was analyzed. Well-known methods of resistance assessment and EA analysis were applied.
Results and conclusions
. Fourteen cultivars least affected by the pathogen were identified: ‘Flora’, ‘Kiprez’, ‘Grafinya’, ‘Lika’, ‘Batist’, ‘Simfoniya’, ‘Garmoniya’, ‘Sadko’, ‘Parom’, ‘Virazh’, ‘Saratovskaya 7’, ‘Volkhova’, ‘Novaya Era’, and ‘Podarok’. They can be used in breeding for ergot resistance. Three types of EA were identified in
C. purpurea
sclerotia: ergocristine, ergotamine, and its stereoisomer ergocristinine. Cvs. ‘Lika’, ‘Simfoniya’ and ‘Garmoniya’ were the least affected by ergot, and the sclerotia formed on the plants of these cultivars did not accumulate EA. A significant (r = 0.50–0.60) correlation was found between lesions and biometric parameters of
C. purpurea
sclerotia, and between grain contamination with sclerotia and their biometrics (r = 0.63– 0.78). A weak positive correlation (r = 0.22) was detected between the toxicity and pathogenicity of
C. purpurea
. A negative correlation was established between the weight of sclerotia and the accumulation of EA in them (r = –0.46), which indicated the biological danger of small sclerotia that got into the seed and food batches of grain.
ABSTRACT Multicollinearity must be diagnosed in multivariate analyses. Among the indicators, the condition number can be used to quantify the degree of multicollinearity. Hence, this study sought to ...determine the number of measurements (trials) necessary to estimate the number of condition in linear correlation matrices between rye traits. Five uniformity trials were carried out with ‘BRS Progresso’ rye, and eight morphological traits and eight productive traits were evaluated, forming two groups. In each group of traits, six cases (combinations of traits) were planned and the multicollinearity diagnosis was performed. Repeatability analyses were performed using the following methods: analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and structural analysis, and the number of measurements (trials) was determined for different levels of precision. A higher condition number of repeatability coefficients was obtained by the principal component methods (based on correlation and variance and covariance matrices) and structural analysis based on the variance and covariance matrix. A greater number of measurements (trials) is necessary to estimate the number of conditions in productive traits compared to morphological ones. One trial is enough to efficiently estimate the condition number with a minimum accuracy of 80% in morphological and productive traits of rye, whereas at least three trials are required for 95% accuracy.
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