Freezing-thawing and saline-alkaline are the major abiotic stress for the pasture in most high-latitude areas, which are serious threats to the yield of pasture. In this study, the osmotic adjustment ...substances, membrane lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes activities of rye (
Secale cereale
L., cv. Dongmu-70) seedlings under different treatments: CK (no treatment), SC (Na
2
CO
3
treatment), FT (freezing-thawing treatment), and FT+SC (combined Na
2
CO
3
and freezing-thawing treatments), were investigated. At the freezing stage, the content of MDA and proline, the activity of APX, SOD, and POD increased with the decrease of the temperature in the leaves of rye seedlings in FT and FT+SC treatments and reached the maximum value at − 5 °C. In addition, the content of protein and H
2
O
2
, CAT activity reached the maximum value at 0 °C; the damage is larger under low temperature stress at 0 °C and − 5 °C in rye seedling. At the thawing stage, the content of MDA and H
2
O
2
in seedling leaves decreased in FT and FT + SC treatments. These results demonstrated that proline content and antioxidant enzymes activities could play an important role in protecting cytomembrane and scavenging ROS respectively in rye under alkaline salt stress and freezing-thawing stress. The result also indicated rye seedlings were subjected to a freezing-thawing stress which resulted in a reversible (recoverable) injury.
Secalin was chemically modified using the acylation reaction with the aim to prepare less hydrophilic protein-based films with features suitable for applications in food packaging. The acylation of ...secalin was done at different capric acid chloride concentrations (2–6 mmol/g) and confirmed using elementary and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. The water sensitivity of the films prepared with acylated secalin was observed to be significantly improved. The control film elongation at break was ~67% and increased up to 141% at high levels of acylation, whereas tensile strength and Young's modulus increased up to 4.5 and 39.4 MPa, respectively when lower amounts of capric acid chloride were used and, on the other hand, decreased with increasing amounts. Thermal analyses suggested that the glass transition temperature of acylated films was lower at higher capric acid chloride concentrations, whereas the melting temperature increased and the thermal stability improved. Scanning electron microscopy showed a more homogeneous surface of the films obtained with acylated secalin.
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•Secalin modification was done using an acylation reaction using capric acid chloride.•Acylated secalin films were prepared using a casting method.•Acylation of secalin decreased film sensitivity to water.•Acylation of secalin improved polymer thermal stability and ductility.•Acylated secalin films have a potential to be used for moisture sensitive food packaging.
The study describes sulfuric acid pretreatment of straw from
L. (rye straw) to evaluate the effect of acid concentration and treatment time on the efficiency of biofuel production. The highest ...ethanol yield occurred after the enzyme treatment at a dose of 15 filter paper unit (FPU) per gram of rye straw (subjected to chemical hydrolysis with 2% sulfuric acid (SA) at 121 °C for 1 h) during 120 h. Anaerobic digestion of rye straw treated with 10% SA at 121 °C during 1 h allowed to obtain 347.42 L methane/kg volatile solids (VS). Most hydrogen was released during dark fermentation of rye straw after pretreatment of 2% SA, 121 °C, 1 h and 1% SA, 121 °C, 2 h-131.99 and 134.71 L hydrogen/kg VS, respectively. If the rye straw produced in the European Union were processed into methane, hydrogen, ethanol, the annual electricity production in 2018 could reach 9.87 TWh (terawatt-hours), 1.16 TWh, and 0.60 TWh, respectively.
ABSTRACT Investigation of multicollinearity allows parameters in multivariate analysis to be estimated with higher precision and with biological interpretation. In order to generate reliable ...estimates of the degree of multicollinearity, it is necessary to use appropriate sample size. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the sample size (number of plants) necessary to estimate the indicators of the degree of multicollinearity - condition number (CN), correlation matrix determinant (DET), and variance inflation factor (VIF) - in morphological traits of rye and to verify the variability of the sample size between the indicators. Five and three uniformity trials were conducted with the cultivars BRS Progresso and Temprano, respectively. Eight morphological traits were evaluated in 780 plants in eight trials. For each trial, 22 cases were selected among the 28 formed by the combination of eight traits, taken six by six, totaling 176 cases. In each case, 197 sample sizes were planned (20, 25, 30, ..., 1,000 plants) and in each size 2,000 resampling procedures with replacement were performed, CN, DET, and VIF were determined and the average among 2,000 estimates was calculated. For each case and indicator (CN, DET, and VIF), the sample size was determined through three models: modified maximum curvature method and linear and quadratic segmented models with plateau response. There is variability between sample sizes between indicators, with larger sample sizes required for DET, followed by CN and VIF, in that order, with at least 180, 116 and 85 plants, respectively.
RESUMO A investigação da multicolinearidade permite que parâmetros em análises multivariadas sejam estimados com maior precisão e com interpretação biológica. Para ter confiabilidade nas estimativas do grau de multicolinearidade, é necessário utilizar adequado tamanho de amostra. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o tamanho de amostra (número de plantas) necessário para a estimação dos indicadores do grau de multicolinearidade - número de condição (NC), determinante da matriz de correlação (DET) e fator de inflação da variância (FIV) -em caracteres morfológicos de centeio e verificar a variabilidade do tamanho de amostra entre os indicadores. Foram conduzidos cinco e três ensaios de uniformidade com as cultivares BRS Progresso e Temprano, respectivamente. Foram avaliados oito caracteres morfológicos em 780 plantas em oito ensaios. Para cada ensaio, foram selecionados 22 casos entre os 28 formados pela combinação de oito caracteres, tomados seis a seis, totalizando 176 casos. Para cada caso, foram planejados 197 tamanhos de amostra (20, 25, 30, ..., 1.000 plantas) e para cada tamanho foram realizadas 2.000 reamostragens, com reposição, determinados o NC, DET e FIV e calculada a média das 2.000 estimativas. Após, para cada caso e indicador, foi determinado o tamanho de amostra, por meio de três modelos: método da máxima curvatura modificado e modelos linear e quadrático segmentados com resposta em platô. Há variabilidade entre os tamanhos de amostra entre os indicadores, com necessidade de maiores tamanhos de amostra para DET, seguido de NC e FIV, nessa ordem, com no mínimo de 180, 116 e 85 plantas, respectivamente.
•A break-through in alkylresorcinol chromatography.•Separation of saturated, monoenoic, dienoic, trienoic and hydroxylated monoenoic alkylresorcinols.•Use of a octyl phase with 1.8μm ...particles.•Triple-quadrupole MS yields specific spectra of the alkylresorcinol subclasses.
Alkylresorcinols (ARs) occur in bran of cereals and in fruits from the Anacardiaceae family. Their separation by liquid chromatography is challenging, especially in rye (Secale cereale L.) that has a complex AR composition. An octyl phase (C8) with 1.8μm particles was used for the analysis of an acetone extract of rye bran. The ARs were detected by UV at 205 and 275nm and by MS applying selected ion monitoring (SIM) of known and hypothetical m/z values in positive and negative mode. The compounds found were subjected to product ion scans in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The C8 UHPLC column has a suitable selectivity for the analysis of ARs from rye. In combination with the sub–2μm particles, baseline separation of most ARs was achieved. The MS2 spectra in positive mode show diagnostic fragments that allow identifying the ARs subclasses (saturated, monoenoic, dienoic, trienoic and hydroxylated monoenoic) unambiguously. Several minor ARs were detected for the first time: C23:3, C27:1OH, C20:0, C22:0, C24:0 and some minor alkenylresorcinol isomers. The chromatographic resolution on the C8 column is unprecedented in the field of rye ARs. Thus, isolation and quantification using non-mass-selective detectors is now possible for each AR. Since rye bran has the most complex AR composition, this method is expected to facilitate the analysis of ARs also in other samples.
The analysis of the phytosanitary situation in production, selection and seed crops of winter rye in Kirov region for the period from 1999 to 2018 was carried out in order to adjust the tasks of ...breeding for resistance to the most harmful diseases. The affection of the sowings (spread of the disease), the development of the disease and the area of the affected crops relative to the number of the examined ones were evaluated. The trend in the development of the diseases was established on the basis of a regression analysis of long-term data of the branch of the FSBI Rosselkhozcentr in Kirov region. The annual (100 %) manifestation of snow mold and ergot has been established. Next according to the frequency of manifestation there are root rots and brown rust – 95 %, powdery mildew – 75 %, sclerotinia – 70 %, Fusarium head blight – 70 %, and stem rust – 50 %. A relatively low frequency of manifestation has been observed with septoriose and rhynchosporium – 35 and 30 %. However, taking into account the development of winter rye diseases which exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness (ETH), the studied pathocomplexes have different levels of danger. Thus, the development of brown rust above ETH was diagnosed 13 times within 19 years. The most severe disease development (20.0-52.0 %) was in 2001, 2005, 2009, and 2010; weak - in 2007 (0.8 %), 2017 (1.4 %), 2015 (2.4 %), and 2011 (5 %). The manifestation of powdery mildew above ETH was observed 6 times within 15 years, disease development was at the level of 13.0-53.0 %. The development of septoriose above ETH was diagnosed 6 times within 7 years with the development of disease from 13.5 to 63.0 %. Development of stem rust above ETH was diagnosed 5 times within 10 years with the status of the sign of 15.0-20.0 %. The cyclicity of spread of the most harmful diseases and trends of their change in agrocenoses of winter rye are shown. Thus, the most epitphytotically dangerous diseases include snow mold, brown rust, stem rust, powdery mildew and septoriose. Constant control is also required in relation to ergot and Fusarium head blight. These diseases should be an object for breeding-and-immunological studies.
Chloride deicing salt stress usually coincides with the event of freeze–thaw, and the short-term adaptation of Dongmu-70
Secale cereale
L. seedlings to these stresses was investigated in this paper. ...The chloride deicing salt and the freeze–thaw (FT) simulation experiments were carried out in the lab and alternation refrigerator. The changes of soluble sugar, soluble protein, relative conductivity (RC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT) activity in seedlings were studied under freeze–thaw stress (10, 5, 0, − 5, 0, 5, and 10 °C) and 0, 200, 400, and 600 mmol L
−1
of chloride deicing salt stress (CK,
D
1
,
D
2
, and
D
3
). The results indicated that the content of physiological index in different treatment groups rose first and then decreased within a freeze–thaw cycle. During the recovery phase (
T
8
: 24 h after freeze–thaw stress and
T
9
: 6 days after freeze–thaw stress), there was significant difference either in MDA and CAT activity between
D
2
× FT and
D
2
or in RC, MDA, soluble sugar, and CAT activity between
D
3
× FT and
D
3
. The seedlings showed different adaptability under different intensities of combined stress, and the sequence of the changes in physiological index can be patterned as
D
× FT > FT >
D
> CK. Freeze–thaw and chloride deicing salt complex stress exhibited a synergistic effect on the plant, which indicates that the snow-melting operation would be more harmful in spring and autumn to plants than in winter.
The rye flour is, together with the wheat flour, the basic ingredient used in traditional bread baking. The rye grain contains many compounds with significant impacts on the consumer. Considering ...that, various biologically active phytochemicals were determined in extracts from mature grains of 19 rye genotypes (
L.). The content of total phenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids and thiols, as well as antioxidant activities and inhibitory activities against trypsin, thrombin, and urokinase were analyzed by spectrophotometric methods. The vanillic acid, vanillin,
-coumaric acid, and
-ferulic acid were analyzed in particular by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The observed differences in the amounts and activities between rye genotypes reflected variations in their genetic background. Rye grain is a remarkable source of specific phytochemicals. Genetic diversity in rye makes it possible to identify individual genotypes that have a unique content and biological activity of compounds deposited in mature grains. One subgroup of rye genotypes had higher values of antioxidant properties and concentrations of polyphenols. Other sub-group had higher proteinase inhibitory activities and contents of polyphenols. The third sub-group contained as though the universal genotypes, i.e. genotypes with average values in nearly all the measured parameters.
Ten rye varieties grown in one location were analyzed for their contents of dietary fiber (arabinoxylan and β-glucan) and phytochemicals (folate, tocols, phenolic acids, alkylresorcinols, and ...sterols). The varieties included old and modern varieties from five European countries. Significant differences were observed in the contents of all phytochemicals in whole grains and in the fiber contents in the flour and bran. The old French varieties Haute Loire and Queyras had high contents of most phytochemicals, whereas the Polish varieties Dankowskie-Zlote and Warko were relatively poor in phytochemicals. The varieties with a high content of folate tended to have low alkylresorcinol contents and vice versa. Furthermore, high contents of arabinoxylans were associated with high contents in tocols and sterols. The 10 selected rye samples comprising old populations and old and modern varieties from different ecological regions of Europe demonstrate high natural variation in their composition and show that landraces and old populations are useful genetic resources for plant breeding. The contents of single phytochemicals can likely be affected by breeding, and they may be adjusted by the right selection of genotype.
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