The choice of a marriage partner is one of the contexts in which racial arguments about the human difference between slave and master descendants are more likely to manifest themselves in ...contemporary Senegal. By drawing on oral history and ethnography from the Fulfulde-speaking context of the Kolda region, this article explores the dynamics that spark up when girls and boys hope to marry across the boundary between the two social categories. The discussions that follow provide an occasion to share recollections associated with the history of slavery and the slave trade across different generations. They also reveal concrete worries about the extension, solidity and development of family and political solidarities in post-slavery Senegal.
Abstract
Social desirability bias, which is the tendency to under-report socially undesirable health behaviours, significantly distorts information on sensitive behaviours that is gained from ...self-reports. As a result, self-reported condom use among high-risk populations is thought to be systematically over-reported, and it is impossible to identify the determinants of condom use. The main objective of the article is to elicit unbiased information on condom use among female sex workers (FSWs) using the double list experiment method to analyse the role of HIV infection and exposure to HIV prevention methods in condom use. More specifically, the difference in levels of condom use between HIV-positive and HIV-negative FSWs is estimated. In addition, the role of FSWs’ registration and participation in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in condom use is considered. A list experiment was designed to elicit condom use information from 786 FSWs in Senegal who were surveyed in 2015 and 2017. Using the list experiment method, participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups (treatment or control) and were asked to report the number of statements they agreed with. Respondents assigned to the control group were presented with three non-sensitive items, whereas those allocated to the treatment group were presented with the same three statements plus the sensitive item (e.g. ‘I used a condom during my last intercourse with a client’). Comparing the average number of sentences that were agreed with in both groups provides an estimation of the condom use rate in the treatment group and estimating such prevalence for several sub-groups allows the role of HIV infection risk in condom use to be identified. The percentage of FSWs using condoms in their last sexual intercourse with a client was 80% in 2015 and 78% in 2017, which was significantly lower than the 97% obtained in the face-to-face surveys in both waves. When estimating condom use among sub-groups with the list experiment method, we found that condom use among HIV-positive FSWs was only 34%, which was 47 percentage points lower than condom use among HIV-negative FSWs. We also found that registered FSWs are more likely to use condoms than clandestine FSWs. However, we did not find any difference in condom use between FSWs who were enrolled in the PrEP demonstration project and those who were not enrolled. Health policies should therefore aim to increase condom use among HIV-positive FSWs.
Arboviruses spillover into humans either as a one-step jump from a reservoir host species into humans or as a two-step jump from the reservoir to an amplification host species and thence to humans. ...Little is known about arbovirus transmission dynamics in reservoir and amplification hosts. Here we elucidate the role of monkeys in the sylvatic, enzootic cycle of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the region around Kédougou, Senegal. Over 3 years, 737 monkeys were captured, aged using anthropometry and dentition, and tested for exposure to CHIKV by detection of neutralizing antibodies. Infant monkeys were positive for CHIKV even when the virus was not detected in a concurrent survey of mosquitoes and when population immunity was too high for monkeys alone to support continuous transmission. We conclude that monkeys in this region serve as amplification hosts of CHIKV. Additional efforts are needed to identify other hosts capable of supporting continuous circulation.
Dam development improves water, food, and energy security but often with negative impacts on human health. The transmission of dam-related diseases persists in many dammed catchments despite ...treatment campaigns. On the Senegal River Basin, the transmission of Schistosoma spp. parasites has been elevated since the construction of dams in the late 1980's. We use narrative analysis and qualitative content analysis of archival documents from this setting to examine health as a component of the food-energy-water (FEW) nexus and understand priorities and trade-offs between sectors across the policy-to-practice continuum. We find that health is recognized as an important component of river basin development, but that priorities articulated at the policy level are not translated into management practices. Incorporating health as a management objective is possible without imposing substantial trade-offs to FEW resources. Coordinated research and surveillance across transboundary jurisdictions will be necessary to inform decision-making on how to operate dams in ways that mitigate their negative health impacts.
•Disease transmission in dammed areas persists despite mitigation efforts.•We expand the food-energy-water nexus in the Senegal River to include health.•Our historical analysis examines cross-sector approaches to disease mitigation in dammed areas.•Health is a policy priority that is not translated into dam management practice.•Coordinated knowledge creation is key to translate health priorities into practice.
This study was an explanatory, sequential, mixed-methods design conducted in Senegal. We collected quantitative data from December 24, 2020, to January 16, 2021, and qualitative data from February 19 ...to March 30, 2021. We conducted a telephone survey among a marginal quota sample of 607 people over 18 years old. We performed descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses with R software for the quantitative phase; and performed manual content analyses for the qualitative phase. We surveyed 607 people for the quantitative phase and interviewed 30 people for the qualitative phase. Individuals who hesitated or refused to be vaccinated represented 12.9% and 32.8%, respectively. Vaccine hesitancy was related to gender, living in large cities, having a poor attitude toward the vaccine, thinking that the vaccine would not help protect them from the virus, being influenced by people important to them, and lacking information from health professionals. Vaccine refusal was related to living in large cities, having a poor attitude toward the vaccine, thinking that the vaccine would not help protect them from the virus, thinking that the vaccine could endanger their health, trusting opinions of people who were important to them, and lacking information from health professionals. The results of the study show that the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and refusal are diverse and complex. Addressing these factors will help to ensure better vaccination coverage. Governments and health authorities should intensify their efforts to promote vaccine confidence and reduce misinformation.
Over the twentieth century, Sahel rainfall has undergone extreme variations on a decadal timescale. This study investigated the recent precipitation changes in West African Sahel using a ...high-resolution Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) product over the period 1981–2014. We found that the recent increase in precipitation results principally from an increase in the number of wet days (+10 d compared to the normal) over the entire West African Sahel band, along with an increase in the precipitation intensity over the central part of the West African Sahel (+3 mm d⁻¹). However, this overall increase in precipitation is associated with dry spells that are becoming more frequent but on average shorter over the entire West African Sahel band (on average by 30%), and with precipitation intensity that is decreasing (around 3 mm d⁻¹ during the study period) in the western part of the West African Sahel (Senegal). Such reorganization (i.e. weaker but more frequent precipitation) is expected to be beneficial for agriculture and society, reducing the likelihood of both flooding and droughts.
L’étude a été réalisée dans les régions de Kolda et de Sédhiou, en Haute et Moyenne Casamance, dans de jeunes plantations de baobabs (Adansonia digitata L.) installées en 2014 pour raccourcir le ...cycle de production afin de réduire la pression exercée sur les populations adultes de baobabs, de plus en plus menacées. L’objectif était d’évaluer l’influence des plantations de baobabs sur la diversité et la production de biomasse du tapis herbacé selon les localités. Les plantations ont été constituées de parcelles clôturées de 0,5 hectare chacune, subdivisées en trois blocs. Chaque bloc a été subdivisé en quatre sous-blocs. Dans chaque sous bloc, un relevé floristique a été effectué selon la méthode de Braun-Blanquet. Parallèlement, d’autres relevés ont été réalisés dans des parcelles non clôturées (témoins) avoisinant les plantations. La récolte de la biomasse herbacée s’est faite dans des placettes de 32 mètres carrés, précédemment délimitées pour l’inventaire floristique, avec cinq prélèvements aux quatre coins et au milieu. La flore globale inventoriée comprenait 63 espèces réparties en 41 genres et 17 familles, dont 40 espèces à Dianabo, 38 à Sénoba et à Saré Modika, et 46 dans la zone témoin. L’indice de Shannon, avec 1,19 à Dianabo, 1,16 à Sénoba et 1,13 à Saré Modika, et l’indice d’équitabilité, avec 0,62 à Dianabo et Saré Modika et 0,60 à Sénoba, ont très peu différé d’une plantation à l’autre et de la zone témoin où ils ont été respectivement de 1,23 et 0,63. La phytomasse obtenue a été respectivement de 2,85, 6,6 et 5,1 tonnes de matière sèche par hectare respectivement à Dianabo, à Sénoba et dans les parcelles témoins.
More than simply a pun, the title « mots contre mots » express how the linguistic conventions of rap have become symptomatic for profound social changes in the Senegalese society. Starting from the ...assumption that language plays an important role in the transmission and establishing of culture, I conclude that socio-cultural change, economic and political problems, etc. can be the cause for linguistic change on several levels. Rap, as an art form, has established itself as a tool for identity expression and for social engagement. This paper focuses on how rappers use language creatively, by making use of lexical and stylistic means. As my analysis of lexicalization in the usage of rappers show, rap style has to be included as a factor in text and/or discourse analysis.
Seit einigen Jahren gibt es einen regelrechten Boom in der Beschäftigung mit medienkulturellen Fragestellungen. Aber wie lassen sich Medienkulturen in nicht-westlichen Gesellschaften erforschen? Das ...Buch unternimmt den spannenden Versuch, den transdisziplinären Ansatz der Medienkulturwissenschaft mit Elementen der Ethnographie anzureichern, um ein handlungstheoretisches Instrumentarium zur Analyse von fremden Medienkulturen zu entwickeln. Dieses innovative Vorgehen wird anschließend in einer materialreichen Fallstudie auf die senegalesische Pressekultur angewandt.
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