Este artículo de reflexión es el resultado del proyecto de investigación “Percepción social de los pequeños contribuyentes acerca de la constitucionalidad del sistema tributario colombiano”, que ...tiene por objetivo general analizar la percepción social de los pequeños contribuyentes acerca de la constitucionalidad del sistema tributario colombiano. La investigación se realiza desde el enfoque cualitativo y desde una estrategia de estudio documental. En los resultados se aprecia la fundamentación constitucional del pago del impuesto colombiano y cómo este se concreta en el sistema tributario, lo que lo hace un sistema cambiante. Como conclusiones se logra visualizar la garantía del impuesto a partir de la constitución, la concreción de los fines del Estado con su cobro y la potestad de exigir el pago del justo tributo bajo el marco constitucional.
Established wisdom in cognitive science holds that the everyday folk psychological abilities of humans -- our capacity to understand intentional actions performed for reasons -- are inherited from ...our evolutionary forebears. In Folk Psychological Narratives, Daniel Hutto challenges this view (held in somewhat different forms by the two dominant approaches, "theory theory" and simulation theory) and argues for the sociocultural basis of this familiar ability. He makes a detailed case for the idea that the way we make sense of intentional actions essentially involves the construction of narratives about particular persons. Moreover he argues that children acquire this practical skill only by being exposed to and engaging in a distinctive kind of narrative practice. Hutto calls this developmental proposal the narrative practice hypothesis (NPH). Its core claim is that direct encounters with stories about persons who act for reasons (that is, folk psychological narratives) supply children with both the basic structure of folk psychology and the norm-governed possibilities for wielding it in practice. In making a strong case for the as yet underexamined idea that our understanding of reasons may be socioculturally grounded, Hutto not only advances and explicates the claims of the NPH, but he also challenges certain widely held assumptions. In this way, Folk Psychological Narratives both clears conceptual space around the dominant approaches for an alternative and offers a groundbreaking proposal.
•There is a certain correlation between noise complaints and the distribution and type of POI.•There are obvious aggregation characteristics in the spatial dimension.•Noise complaints perform ...differences between daytime and nighttime.
The impact of urban noise on residents’ physical health and mental condition has gradually become a hot topic of public discussion. A single urban noise monitoring cannot fully reflect the public's actual perception and feeling of noise. In contrast, social perception data can provide indirect data reference for the public’s perception of noise. This study first collected and synthesized public noise complaint data from the government complaint platform. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of noise complaints in urban blocks were analyzed to explore the relationship between noise complaint behaviours and The Point of Interest (POI) distribution. The results show that: 1) In the time dimension, the total number of complaints at night is 2,157 and that in the daytime is 980. Furthermore, the number of noise complaints at night is much more than the number of noise complaints during the day; 2) In the spatial dimension, different types of noise complaints have obvious aggregation characteristics. Specifically, construction noise complaints are relatively concentrated, with some 1,813 complaints, while life and business noise complaints are scattered, with several 1,324 complaints; 3) Noise complaints have a specific correlation with the distribution of different types of POIs, among which the correlation is highest with living commercial and residential locations; 4) Places with higher and more abundant POIs are prone to higher noise complaints. This study can provide some ideas for promoting the optimization of urban noise problems.
The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced new challenges for governments and individuals. Unprecedented efforts at reducing virus transmission launched a novel arena for human face recognition in which ...faces are partially occluded with masks. Previous studies have shown that masks decrease accuracy of face identity and emotion recognition. The current study focuses on the impact of masks on the speed of processing of these and other important social dimensions. Here we provide a systematic assessment of the impact of COVID-19 masks on facial identity, emotion, gender, and age. Four experiments (
= 116) were conducted in which participants categorized faces on a predefined dimension (e.g., emotion). Both speed and accuracy were measured. The results revealed that masks hindered the perception of virtually all tested facial dimensions (i.e., emotion, gender, age, and identity), interfering with normal speed and accuracy of categorization. We also found that the unwarranted effects of masks were not due to holistic processes, because the Face Inversion Effect (FIE) was generally not larger with unmasked compared with masked faces. Moreover, we found that the impact of masks is not automatic and that under some contexts observers can control at least part of their detrimental effects.
Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov's valence-dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions ...(valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov's methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov's original analysis strategy, the valence-dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence-dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 5 November 2018. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7611443.v1 .
Disembodied conversational agents in the form of chatbots are increasingly becoming a reality on social media and messaging applications, and are a particularly pressing topic for service encounters ...with companies. Adopting an experimental design with actual chatbots powered with current technology, this study explores the extent to which human-like cues such as language style and name, and the framing used to introduce the chatbot to the consumer can influence perceptions about social presence as well as mindful and mindless anthropomorphism. Moreover, this study investigates the relevance of anthropomorphism and social presence to important company-related outcomes, such as attitudes, satisfaction and the emotional connection that consumers feel with the company after interacting with the chatbot.
•Human-like cues increase perceptions of mindless and mindful anthropomorphism.•Social presence higher for human- (vs. machine-like) agent with intelligent frame.•Human-like cues increase company emotional connection levels in service encounters.•Social presence mediates effect of human-like cues on company emotional connection.
When judging others' personalities, perceivers differ in their general judgment tendencies. These perceiver effects partly reflect a response bias but are also stable and psychologically important ...individual differences. However, current insights into the basic structure of perceiver effects are ambiguous with previous research pointing to either a unidimensional structure (i.e., people see others as globally positive vs. negative) or a multidimensional structure (i.e., people see others as high or low on specific traits). Here we provide a large scale investigation of the structure of perceiver effects that spans more than 100,000 personality judgments across 10 studies in which a total of N = 2,199 perceivers judged others on several trait domains (i.e., the Big Five, agency & communion) and in different judgment contexts (i.e., level of involvement with targets, level of exposure to targets). Results suggest that perceiver effects are hierarchically structured such that they reflect both a global tendency to view others positively versus negativity and specific tendencies to view others as high or low with respect to trait content. The relative importance of these components varied considerably across trait domains and judgment contexts: Perceiver effects were more specific for traits higher in observability and lower in evaluativeness and in context with less personal involvement and higher exposure to targets. Overall, results provide strong evidence for the hierarchical structure of perceiver effects and suggest that their meaning systematically varies depending on trait domain and possibly the judgment context. Implications for theory and assessment are discussed.
A growing body of literature suggests that OT administration may affect not only prosocial outcomes, but also regulate adversarial responses in the context of intergroup relations. However, recent ...reports have challenged the view of a fixed role of OT in enhancing ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation. Studying the potential effects of OT in modulating threat perception in a context characterized by racial miscegenation (Brazil) may thus afford additional clarification on the matter. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, White Brazilian participants completed a first-person shooter task to assess their responses towards potential threat from racial ingroup (White) or outgroup (Black) members. OT administration enhanced the social salience of the outgroup, by both increasing the rate at which participants refrained from shooting unarmed Black targets to levels similar to White targets, and by further increasing the rate of correct decisions to shoot armed Black targets (versus White armed targets). In summary, our results indicate that a single dose of OT may promote accurate behavioral responses to potential threat from members of a racial outgroup, thus offering support to the social salience hypothesis.
•Oxytocin increased correct responses to threat perception facing members of a racial outgroup, but not ingroup.•No substance effects were found for error rates.•The social salience of an outgroup target was enhanced by oxytocin.
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