•We use maternal separation (MS, on postnatal days 1–14) to induce early life stress.•We use social fear conditioning to induce social fear in adult MS and control mice.•Maternal separation ...facilitates extinction of social, but not of non-social fear.•Early life stress improves recovery from a traumatic social experience in adulthood.
Early life stress, such as child abuse or neglect, is a risk factor for the development of psychopathologies characterized by abnormal social and emotional behaviors. In rodents, long-lasting changes in stress coping and emotional behavior can be induced by separating pups from their mother. We used maternal separation (MS; 3h daily on postnatal days 1–14) to test whether early life stress alters acquisition and extinction of social fear in adult male mice as studied in a specific model of social fear, i.e., in the social fear conditioning paradigm. We show that MS facilitated extinction of social fear without altering acquisition or expression of social fear. This facilitatory effect of MS on social fear extinction was not due to improved social learning and memory abilities or to increased social interest, as MS rather impaired social memory in the social discrimination test and did not alter social preference in the social preference-avoidance test. In contrast, MS did not alter acquisition and extinction of non-social, cued fear, or non-social memory as assessed in the object discrimination test and non-social anxiety as assessed in the elevated plus-maze. These results suggest that a social stress like MS in early life may improve coping with and recovery from a traumatic social experience in adulthood in mice.
Organizational Memory Studies Foroughi, Hamid; Coraiola, Diego M.; Rintamäki, Jukka ...
Organization studies,
12/2020, Letnik:
41, Številka:
12
Journal Article
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This paper provides an overview and discussion of the rapidly growing literature on organizational memory studies (OMS). We define OMS as an inquiry into the ways that remembering and forgetting ...shape, and are shaped by, organizations and organizing processes. The contribution of this article is threefold. We briefly review what we understand by organizational memory and explore some key debates and points of contestation in the field. Second, we identify four different perspectives that have been developed in OMS (functional, interpretive, critical and performative) and expand upon each perspective by showcasing articles published over the past decade. In particular, we examine four papers previously published in Organization Studies to show the distinctiveness of each perspective. Finally, we identify a number of areas for future research to facilitate the future development of OMS.
The internet is rapidly changing what information is available as well as how we find it and share it with others. Here we examine how this "digital expansion of the mind" changes cognition. We begin ...by identifying ten properties of the internet that likely affect cognition, roughly organized around internet content (e.g., the sheer amount of information available), internet usage (e.g., the requirement to search for information), and the people and communities who create and propagate content (e.g., people are connected in an unprecedented fashion). We use these properties to explain (or ask questions about) internet-related phenomena, such as habitual reliance on the internet, the propagation of misinformation, and consequences for autobiographical memory, among others. Our goal is to consider the impact of internet usage on many aspects of cognition, as people increasingly rely on the internet to seek, post, and share information.
General Audience Summary
The internet is rapidly changing what information is available to us as well as how we find that information and share it with others. Here we ask how this "digital expansion of the mind" may change cognition. We begin by identifying ten properties of the internet that we know influence cognition, based on decades of cognitive science research as well as work examining other ways that people externalize memory and cognition (such as relying on other people to help one remember information or printing out information rather than trying to remember it). These properties can be roughly organized around (a) internet content (e.g., the sheer amount of information available, its relative accuracy, the frequency with which it changes, and the number of options offered at any one point in time); (b) internet usage (e.g., access is easy, equires searching, and returns results almost instantaneously); and (c) the community involved in the creation and propagation of content (e.g., anyone can participate, although authorship may often be obscured; perhaps most importantly, the internet connects people in an unprecedented fashion). We then identify questions arising from the combination of these properties; for example, we ask whether internet usage can become habitual, given its ease of access, the scope of information available, and the speed with which results are returned. In this fashion, we consider whether the internet encourages superficial processing of information, is a powerful source of misinformation, inflates people's beliefs about what they believe they know, and changes how people remember their personal lives, among other questions. In so doing, we aim to redirect the field from questions about the internet as a place to store information to a broader consideration of how internet usage may affect many aspects of cognition, as people increasingly rely on the internet to seek, post, and share information.
The hippocampal CA2 region plays a key role in social memory. The encoding of such memory involves afferent activity from the hypothalamic supramammillary nucleus (SuM) to CA2. However, the neuronal ...circuits required for consolidation of freshly encoded social memory remain unknown. Here, we used circuit-specific optical and single-cell electrophysiological recordings in mice to explore the role of sleep in social memory consolidation and its underlying circuit mechanism. We found that SuM neurons projecting to CA2 were highly active during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep but not during non-REM sleep or quiet wakefulness. REM-sleep-selective optogenetic silencing of these neurons impaired social memory. By contrast, the silencing of another group of REM sleep-active SuM neurons that projects to the dentate gyrus had no effect on social memory. Therefore, we provide causal evidence that the REM sleep-active hypothalamic neurons that project to CA2 are specifically required for the consolidation of social memory.
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•Both SuM-CA2- and SuM-DG-projecting neurons are highly active during REM sleep•REM-sleep-selective silencing of SuMCA2 neurons impairs social memory•REM-sleep-selective silencing of SuMDG neurons impairs spatial but not social memory•CA2SuM-recipient neurons are highly active during REM sleep
Qin et al. identify two groups of REM sleep-active supramammillary neurons, one projecting to the hippocampal CA2 and the other to the dentate gyrus. They find that these two cell groups critically contribute to REM-sleep-associated consolidation of social and spatial memories, respectively.
Social memory has been developed in humans and other animals to recognize familiar conspecifics and is essential for their survival and reproduction. Here, we demonstrated that parvalbumin-positive ...neurons in the sensory thalamic reticular nucleus (sTRN
) are necessary and sufficient for mice to memorize conspecifics. sTRN
neurons receiving glutamatergic projections from the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) transmit individual information by inhibiting the parafascicular thalamic nucleus (PF). Mice in which the PPC
→sTRN
→PF circuit was inhibited exhibited a disrupted ability to discriminate familiar conspecifics from novel ones. More strikingly, a subset of sTRN
neurons with high electrophysiological excitability and complex dendritic arborizations is involved in the above corticothalamic pathway and stores social memory. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed the biochemical basis of these subset cells as a robust activation of protein synthesis. These findings elucidate that sTRN
neurons modulate social memory by coordinating a hitherto unknown corticothalamic circuit and inhibitory memory engram.
Background and purpose: Methamphetamine is a stimulant of the central nervous system, which is now increasingly abused. Long-term use of this psychoactive drug is associated with many cognitive ...disorders, including learning and memory impairment. Kisspeptin-13 is one of the endogenous neuropeptides, whose neuroprotective role on cognitive functions, especially memory, was investigated in several studies. In the present study, the role of kisspeptin-13 in mitigating social memory impairment induced by methamphetamine was investigated. Materials and methods: This experimental study was carried out on 40 adult male Wistar rats weighing (200-270 g). This study was conducted with the code of ethics (IR.MAZUMS..REC.1398.6037) at the Neuroscience Research Center of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. In this study, the animals were randomly divided into four groups: control, methamphetamine,kisspeptin-13+ methamphetamine, and kisspeptin-13 groups. First, pretreatment with kisspeptin-13 was done intraventricularly for three days at a dose of 1.5 µg/µL in the respective groups. Specifically, on the initial day, the subjects were given a dose of 1 mg/kg twice, with a 4-hour interval. On the following day, the dosage was raised to 2 mg/kg, and this incrementally increased on subsequent days throughout the week. Thus, on the third day, the dose was 3 mg/kg, on the fourth day, the dose was 4 mg/kg, and on the fifth, sixth, and seventh days, the doses were 5 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, and 7 mg/kg, respectively. After the injections, the social interaction behavioral test evaluates social memory and sociability. This test was carried out in a three-chambered device for ten minutes in a rectangular space that was divided into three parts. In the side chambers, there were two wire chambers in which stranger and familiar rats were placed. On the test day, the time spent in each room was monitored. Results: The results of this investigation, which examined the effect of kisspeptin-13 on sociability and social memory in two stages, were as follows. The effect of kisspeptin -13 on sociability showed that the duration of exploration in the chamber where the first stranger mouse was placed was longer than the duration of exploration in the empty chamber in all experimental groups. Results indicated that sociability in these animals was not affected by the administration of methamphetamine, as well as kisspeptin -13, and all animals in the groups receiving the drug responded similarly to the control group. Statistical analysis regarding the effect of kisspeptin -13 on social memory showed that there is a significant statistical difference in the time spent for the first stranger mouse and the second stranger mouse, and the animals in the group receiving methamphetamine spent more time in social interaction with the first stranger mouse, which indicates damage to social memory, and the administration of kisspeptin -13 in animals receiving methamphetamine also failed to improve social memory. In the group receiving kisspeptin -13, social memory was not significantly different from the control group, which indicated that the administration of kisspeptin -13 alone does not lead to damage to social memory. Conclusion: This study showed that methamphetamine can lead to serious impairment of social memory without causing a change in social interaction, and pretreatment with kisspeptin-13 could not compensate for the damage to social memory caused by the administration of methamphetamine.
Archaeology and Social Memory Van Dyke, Ruth M
Annual review of anthropology,
10/2019, Letnik:
48, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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This review provides a road map through current trends and issues in archaeological studies of memory. Many scholars continue to draw on Halbwachs for collective memory studies, emphasizing how the ...past can legitimate political authority. Others are inspired by Bergson, focusing on the persistent material intrusion of the past into the present. "Past in the past" studies are particularly widespread in the Near East Classical world, Europe, the Maya region, and Native North America. Archaeologists have viewed materialized memory in various ways: as passively continuous, discursively referenced, intentionally invented, obliterated. Key domains of inquiry include monuments, places, and
lieux de mémoire
; treatment and disposal of the dead; habitual practices and senses; the recent and contemporary past; and forgetting and erasure. Important contemporary work deploys archaeology as a tool of counter-memory in the aftermath of recent violence and trauma.
The Memory of War, the War of Memory: Social Memory of the War in Algeria in Relations Between France and the Algerian Immigrants The year 2012 marks the 50th anniversary of the official end of the ...Algerian war. The memory of this conflict and other events in France which accompanied it is still alive in French society. After many years of oblivion and lack of interest from the highest authorities, this conflict once again becomes the subject of great controversy and heated debate. The disputes focus on the four groups: the French born in Algeria, the Algerians cooperating with the French troops during the war, the other Algerian immigrants and, finally, the former military personnel serving in Algeria. Each group has its own perspective of the events, whereas the politicians try to exploit the memory of the war in the ongoing disputes concerning the integration of the immigrants and the riots in the suburbs. All of this means that even after 50 years the issue of the Algerian war is still evoking new conflicts.
When people remember together, what one person says can affect what others report. The size of this effect is dependent on characteristics of the people and how they express their beliefs. The power ...relationship among people affects much of their social cognition, including the size of this memory conformity effect. However, some research has shown people conform more to high power individuals and some research shows the opposite. The proposed research identified what we believe is an important difference in these studies in the type of power that was manipulated: evaluation versus managerial power. The proposed research will examine these using a 2 × 2 factorial design, plus a control group. The study is designed to be like how people learn new vocabulary in an education context.
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