Background and Aims
E‐cigarettes have the potential either to decrease or increase health inequalities, depending on socio‐economic differences in their use and effectiveness. This paper estimated ...the associations between socio‐economic status (SES) and e‐cigarette use and examined whether these associations changed between 2014 and 2017.
Design
A monthly repeat cross‐sectional household survey of adults (16+) between January 2014 and December 2017. This time‐period was chosen given that the prevalence of e‐cigarette use stabilized in England in late 2013.
Setting
England.
Participants
Participants in the Smoking Toolkit Study, a monthly household survey of smoking and smoking cessation among adults (n = 81 063; mean age = 48.4 years, 49% were women) in England. Subsets included past year smokers (n = 16 232; mean age = 42.8, 46% women), smokers during a quit attempt (n = 5305, mean age = 40.6, 49% women) and long‐term ex‐smokers (n = 13 562, mean age = 59.3, 44% women).
Measurements
The outcome measure for the analyses was current e‐cigarette use. We also included smokers during a quit attempt where use of an e‐cigarette during the most recent quit attempt was the outcome measure. Social grade based on occupation was the SES explanatory variable, using the National Readership Survey classification system of AB (higher and intermediate managerial, administrative and professional), C1 (supervisory, clerical and junior managerial, administrative and professional), C2 (skilled manual workers), D (semi‐skilled and unskilled manual workers) and E (state pensioners, casual and lowest‐grade workers, unemployed with state benefits only). The analyses were stratified by year to assess the changes in these associations over time.
Findings
Among past‐year smokers, lower SES groups had lower overall odds of e‐cigarette use compared with the highest SES group AB (D: odds ratio = 0.53, 95% confidence interval = 0.40–0.71; E: 0.67, 0.50–0.89). These differences in e‐cigarette use reduced over time. The use of e‐cigarettes during a quit attempt showed no clear temporal or socio‐economic patterns. Among long‐term ex‐smokers, use of e‐cigarettes increased from 2014 to 2017 among all groups and use was more likely in SES groups C2 (2.03, 1.08–3.96) and D (2.29, 1.13–4.70) compared with AB.
Conclusions
From 2014 to 2017 in England, e‐cigarette use was greater among smokers from higher compared with lower socio‐economic status (SES) groups, but this difference attenuated over time. Use during a quit attempt was similar throughout SES groups. Use by long‐term ex‐smokers increased over time among all groups and was consistently more common in lower SES groups.
Differences between groups in socio‐economic status (SES) are becoming more salient nowadays. In this context, we examined the animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization that both low and high‐SES ...groups may experience respectively by conducting three studies. In study 1, we manipulated the SES of two fictitious groups (low vs. high‐SES) and measured the humanity ascribed to them. Results showed that the low‐SES group was animalized in comparison with the high‐SES group, which was mechanized. In study 2, we manipulated the humanity of two fictitious groups by describing them as animals or machines and measured the perceived SES of the groups. Participants tended to attribute lower SES to the group described as animals and higher SES to the group described as machines. Finally, in study 3, we used an Implicit Association Test to replicate the results of studies 1 and 2. Taken together, these studies show that low‐SES groups are considered as animal‐like whereas high‐SES groups are seen as robot‐like. We discuss the implications of these findings in relation to the justification of income inequality within our society.
Socio‐economic status (SES) is linked to the development of cognitive abilities, particularly language and executive processes. It is unclear whether these represent a single or independent ...correlates. We studied 110 Ecuadorian youths aged 12–17 with measures of SES, language, executive function, and theory of mind (ToM), a.k.a. mentalizing. A subsample gave hair samples to estimate recent cortisol levels. Restricting analyses to reliable measures, SES was highly associated with language skill, and to a lesser extent with executive function and ToM performance. However, those latter associations were attenuated and non‐significant when language ability was controlled for statistically. Systemic cortisol levels were not associated with SES, but were significantly and negatively correlated with ToM, independent of variation in language skills. We conclude that language development underlies most of the impact of SES on executive function and ToM ability of adolescents, but that stress‐related cortisol may have an independent, direct effect on mentalizing.
The Strengths of People in Poverty Frankenhuis, Willem E.; Nettle, Daniel
Current directions in psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society,
02/2020, Letnik:
29, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
On average, psychological variables are often statistically different in people living in poverty compared with people living in affluence. The default academic response to this pattern is often the ...deficit model: Poverty damages or impairs brain function, which leads to poor performance that only exacerbates the poverty. Deficits and damage are real phenomena. However, there are also other processes: People living in poverty may have made reasonable psychological responses to their circumstances or may have developed strengths that enhance their ability to cope with challenges in their lives. We illustrate these points by discussing the linked examples of time preference, early reproduction, and hidden talents. We argue for a balanced approach to the psychology of poverty that integrates deficit and strengths-based models. Future research could focus on the ways in which impairment and adaptation interact.
Background
Socio‐economic status is one of the most important factors shaping students' motivation and achievement but has seldom been explored in relation to achievement goals.
Aims
This study aimed ...to investigate whether mastery‐approach goals explain the link between SES and key learning‐related outcomes (mediation) and whether SES modifies the relationship between mastery‐approach goals and these outcomes (moderation).
Sample
Data came from 595,444 students nested in 21,322 schools across 77 countries.
Methods
Data were analysed using multilevel‐moderated mediation analyses.
Results
We found significant mediation and moderation. In terms of mediation, mastery‐approach goals mediated the association between family SES and learning‐related outcomes. However, a different pattern emerged for school SES, as students in higher SES schools had lower mastery‐approach goals. In terms of moderation, we found that family SES strengthened the association between mastery‐approach goals and learning‐related outcomes. However, the association between mastery‐approach goals and learning‐related outcomes was weaker in higher SES schools.
Conclusion
Theoretical and practical implications for the achievement goal approach to achievement motivation are discussed.
Background and Aims
Individuals of lower socio‐economic status (SES) display a higher prevalence of smoking and have more diffxiculty quitting than higher SES groups. The current study investigates ...whether the within‐person associations of key risk (e.g. stress) and protective (self‐efficacy) factors with smoking lapse varies by facets of SES.
Design and setting
Observational study using ecological momentary assessment to collect data for a 28‐day period following a smoking quit attempt. Multi‐level mixed models (i.e. generalized linear mixed models) examined cross‐level interactions between lapse risk and protective factors and indicators of SES on smoking lapse.
Participants
A diverse sample of 330 adult US smokers who completed a larger study examining the effects of race/ethnicity and social/environmental influences on smoking cessation.
Measurements
Risk factors included momentary urge, negative affect, stress; protective factors included positive affect, motivation, abstinence self‐efficacy; SES measures: baseline measures of income and financial strain; the primary outcome was self‐reported lapse.
Findings
Participants provided 43 297 post‐quit observations. Mixed models suggested that income and financial strain moderated the effect of some risk factors on smoking lapse. The within‐person association of negative odds ratio (OR) = 0.967, 95% CI= 0.945, 0.990, P < 0.01 and positive affect (OR = 1.023, 95% CI = 1.003, 1.044, P < 0.05) and abstinence self‐efficacy (OR = 1.020, 95% CI = 1.003, 1.038, P < 0.05) on lapse varied with financial strain. The within‐person association of negative affect (OR = 1.005, 95% CI = 1.002, 1.008, P < 0.01), motivation (OR = 0.995, 95% CI = 0.991, 0.999, P < 0.05) and abstinence self‐efficacy (OR = 0.996, 95% CI = 0.993, 0.999, P < 0.01) on lapse varied by income. The positive association of negative affect with lapse was stronger among individuals with higher income and lower financial strain. The negative association between positive affect and abstinence self‐efficacy with lapse was stronger among individuals with lower financial strain, and the negative association between motivation and abstinence self‐efficacy with lapse was stronger among those with higher income. The data were insensitive to detect statistically significant moderating effects of income and financial strain on the association of urge or stress with lapse.
Conclusion
Some risk factors (e.g. momentary negative affect) exert a weaker influence on smoking lapse among lower compared to higher socio‐economic status groups.
Breastfeeding provides a number of benefits for both newborns and mothers. In any event, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, the occurrence of breast-feeding care has declined sharply. ...From the mother, bosom milk provides abundant and efficiently swallowed healthy components, cell reinforcements, chemicals, insusceptible characteristics, and living antibodies. Breastfeeding provides a number of advantages for both newborns and moms. Despite significant evidence to the contrary, breast-prevalence feeding's has remained low across the world. The goal of this study was to see how a mother's education affected her children, socioeconomic position, and employment on the length of time she breastfed her child. The current study was conducted in Delhi to determine the impact of a mother's education, employment, and socioeconomic level Breast-feeding duration in urban and rural nursing moms. A total of 200 breastfeeding mothers from the city and 200 lactating mothers from the countryside were considered for the study. A purposeful random inspection of data technique is used and collected directly from mothers occupying a tailored survey to assess the impact of the mother's education, employment, and socioeconomic level on the length of breast feeding. Following the data collection, the data will be properly categorized and organized under numerous headings. Information and attitude were used to code. Following that, the content and quantifiable research was completed using percentages.
Kidney disease disproportionately impacts people with low socioeconomic status, and low socioeconomic status is associated with worse outcomes for people with kidney disease. Unstable housing, which ...includes housing insecurity and homelessness, is increasing due to rising housing costs. There is mounting evidence that unstable housing and other health-related social needs are partially driving worse outcomes for people with low socioeconomic status. In this perspective, we consider the challenges to addressing housing for people with kidney disease, such as difficulty with identification of those with unstable housing, strict eligibility criteria for housing support, inadequate supply of affordable housing, and flaws in communities’ prioritization of affordable housing. We discuss ways to tailor management for people experiencing unstable housing with kidney disease, and the importance of addressing safety, trauma, and emotional concerns as a part of care. We identify opportunities for the nephrology community to surmount challenges through increased screening, investment in workforce dedicated to community resource navigation, advocacy for investment in affordable housing, restructuring of communities’ prioritization of affordable housing, and conducting needed research. Identifying and addressing housing needs among people with kidney disease is critical to eliminating kidney health disparities.
Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) is often used to estimate the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on academic achievement at different levels of an educational system. However, if a prior ...academic achievement measure is missing in a HLM model, biased estimates may occur on the effects of student SES and school SES. Phantom effects describe the phenomenon in which the effects of student SES and school SES disappear once prior academic achievement is added to the model. In the present analysis, partial simulation (i.e., simulated data are used together with real-world data) was employed to examine the phantom effects of student SES and school SES on science achievement, using the national sample of the United States from the 2015 Programme for International Student Assessment. The results showed that the phantom effects of student SES and school SES are rather real. The stronger the correlation between prior science achievement and (present) science achievement, the greater the chance that the phantom effects occur.
Subjective "ladder" measurements of socio-economic status (SES) are easy-to-administer tools that ask respondents to rate their own SES, allowing them to evaluate their own material resources and ...determine where it places them relative to their community. Here, we sought to compare the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social status to the WAMI, an objective measure of SES that includes data on water and sanitation, asset ownership, education, and income.
Leveraging a study of 595 tuberculosis patients in Lima, Peru, we compared the MacArthur ladder score to the WAMI score using weighted Kappa scores and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. We identified outliers that fell outside the 95
percentile and assessed the durability of the inconsistencies between scores by re-testing a subset of participants. We then used Akaike information criterion (AIC) to compare the predictability of logistic regression models evaluating the association between the two SES scoring systems and history of asthma.
The correlation coefficient between the MacArthur ladder and WAMI scores was 0.37 and the weighted Kappa was 0.26. The correlation coefficients differed by less than 0.04 and the Kappa ranged from 0.26 to 0.34, indicating fair agreement. When we replaced the initial MacArthur ladder scores with retest scores, the number of individuals with disagreements between the two scores decreased from 21 to 10 and the correlation coefficient and weighted Kappa both increased by at least 0.03. Lastly, we found that when we categorized WAMI and MacArthur ladder scores into three groups, both had a linear trend association with history of asthma with effect sizes and AICs that differed by less than 15% and 2 points, respectively.
Our findings demonstrated fair agreement between the MacArthur ladder and WAMI scores. The agreement between the two SES measurements increased when they were further categorized into 3-5 categories, the form in which SES is often used in epidemiologic studies. The MacArthur score also performed similarly to WAMI in predicting a socio-economically sensitive health outcome. Researchers should consider subjective SES tools as an alternative method for measuring SES, particularly in large health studies where data collection is a burden.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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