Promatrajući temeljnu misao francuskog filozofa Pierrea Hadota (1922. - 2010.) u svjetlu Heideggerova uvjerenja da ozbiljan mislilac može misliti samo jednu misao, jasno je što je Hadotova glavna ...ideja: antička filozofija u svojoj je biti usmjerena k praktičnoj svrsi, tj.
oplemenjivanju (vlastita) života. Zato je antička filozofija u eminentnom smislu “skrb za sebe”. U tom smislu Sokrat se može smatrati paradigmom takva nastojanja. Štoviše, Hadot povezuje praktičnost antičke filozofije i s kršćanskim duhovnim vježbama. To je omogućeno utjecajem antičke metafizike na rano kršćanstvo. Imajući to u vidu, autor u dijalogu s Hadotom razmatra mogućnost obnove modernog razumijevanja filozofije i prevladavanja njezine krize. To je moguće upravo na tragu antičkog razumijevanja filozofije kao „skrbi za sebe“.
Observing the basic thought of the French philosopher Pierre Hadot (1922-2010) in the light of Heidegger's belief that a serious thinker can think only one thought, it is clear what Hadot's main idea is: ancient philosophy is in its essence directed to practical purpose, i.e. ennobling (one's own) life. That is why ancient philosophy in the eminent sense is "self-care." In this sense, Socrates can be considered a paradigm of such endeavors. Moreover, Hadot connects the practicality of ancient philosophy with Christian spiritual exercises. This was made possible by the influence of ancient metaphysics on early Christianity. With this in mind, the author in dialogue with Hadot considers the possibility of renewing a modern understanding of philosophy and overcoming its crisis. This is possible precisely in the wake of the ancient understanding of philosophy as "self-care".
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
U ovom radu pokušavam naznačiti određene elemente Sokratove filozofije kojima bi se odgojna praksa trebala voditi, kao i neke štetne implikacije sofističkog pristupa odgoju. Pri analizi Sokratove ...pozicije osobito se oslanjam na Vlastosove interpretacije, a posebice se osvrćem na Sokratovu tezu da se vrlina ne može poučavati. Pored ostaloga, ona upućuje na nedoktrinarni pristup moralno-odgojnoj praksi, kakav ne može proizaći iz suprotnih Protagorinih uvjerenja. Partikularno i utilitarno usmjeren odgoj kod sofista danas se osobito javlja u odgojnom (ili bolje: manipulatorskom) prijenosu nacionalnih, poslovnih i sličnih tobožnjih etika, nemoćnih po pitanju prepoznavanja i prevladavanja postojećih društveno-ekonomskih okvira, a za što Sokratova moralno-odgojna filozofija sadrži kritičku snagu koja prvenstveno proizlazi iz implicitnog naglaska na autonomiji.
In this paper I try to indicate particular elements of Socrates’ philosophy by which educational practice should be guided, as well as certain harmful implications of Sophistic approach to education. In analysis of Socrates’ position, I especially rely on Vlastos’ interpretations, and particularly I refer to Socrates’ thesis that virtue cannot be taught. Among other things, it suggests a non-doctrinal approach to moral-educational practice, which cannot result from Protagoras’ opposite beliefs. Nowadays Sophistic particular- and utilitarian-oriented education occurs especially in the educational (or better: manipulative) transmission of national, business and similar so-called ethics, which are not able for recognizing and overcoming of the existing socio-economic framework, and for which Socrates’ moral-educational philosophy contains critical force, arising primarily out of the emphasis on autonomy.
Belarussian Identity as an Idée Fixe of Sokrat Janowicz’s work
This article contains reflections on methods of creating the Belarussian national identity by Sokrat Janowicz, a Belarussian writer from ...Podlasie. Belarussian identity is treated as a kind of narrative strategy, which uses the authority of historicism and the principle of difference (in Derrida’s meaning). The inspiration of these considerations are H.K. Bhabha’s views on Postcolonialism, described in The Location of Culture. The introductory part of the article shows a short description of Belarussians as a national minority.
Terapeutska funkcija filozofije Gavrić, Anto; Novina, Marina
Bogoslovska smotra,
2022, Letnik:
92, Številka:
2
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Polazeći od antičkih filozofa i sokratskih razgovora, preko Augustina, Boetija i Dantea Alighierija, do Wittgensteina, Jaspersa i Pierrea Hadota, ovo istraživanje upućuje na filozofiju kao ars ...medicinalis i philosophia medicans, tj. na terapeutsku funkciju filozofije. Rad otkriva da filozofija, usmjerena na stvarnost, na život i na način kako treba živjeti, kao liječnica u kriznim životnim situacijama potiče na razgovor i promišljanje, prepoznaje uzroke bolesti i određuje terapiju, vodi do ozdravljenja bolesti duše, srca, uma i jezika, te da stoga čovjek svakoga doba u filozofiji može naći radost prijelaza iz bolesti k zdravlju.
Starting from Antique philosophers and Socratic discourses, to Augustine, Boethius, and Dante Alighieri, to Wittgenstein, Jaspers, and Pierre Hadot, this study draws attention to philosophy as ars medicinalis and as philosophia medicans, i.e., to the therapeutic function of philosophy, while revealing that philosophy, directed to reality, to life and to the way one ought to live, as a physician in critical life situations, prompts one to discuss and to reflect, recognises causes of illness and proscribes therapies, leads to healing of illnesses of the soul, heart, mind, and language, and, thus, a human person of each era can find in philosophy the joy of transitioning from illness to health.
The procedures of validation and cross-verification of the newly developed computational code ROK/B are described. The main problem solved using the ROK/B code is the substantiation by calculation of ...the coolant density in the spent fuel pool (SFP) and the temperature regime of the fuel assemblies during a protracted shutdown of the cooling systems (break in the supply of cooling water). In addition to the above, it is possible to use the ROK/B code to carry out calculation of an accident with the discharge of the coolant from the SFP with simultaneous prolonged shutdown of the cooling systems.
The ROK/B code allows carrying out calculations for various types of designs of the fuel assemblies and VVER reactors, in particular, VVER-1000, VVER-1200 and VVER-440 power units with single- and two-tiered fuel assembly arrangement, with clad pipes in racks (for compacted assemblies storage) and pipes without cladding, with cased assemblies and caseless ones.
During fuel reloading, a high level of the coolant is maintained, which makes it possible to do “wet” transportation of the assemblies from the reactor to the SFP. The mathematical model for heat and mass transfer calculation, including the boiling coolant model, implemented in the ROK/B code, includes: the motion equation, equations for calculating the enthalpy along the height of the fuel section of a fuel assembly with natural circulation of coolant within the channel containing the fuel assembly (lifting section) and in the inter-channel space (lowering section), the equation of mass balance between the channels of the racks with assemblies and in the inter-assembly space and the amount of evaporated (and outflowed) water, the heat balance equation for a fuel rod in a steam environment. The system of equations is supplemented by closing relations for calculating the thermal physics properties of water and steam, fuel and cladding materials, as well as the coefficients of heat transfer from the wall to the steam, hydraulic resistance and density of the steam-water mixture in the channels, and the heat released in the reaction of steam with zirconium.
Validation of the computational code was carried out on the basis of the data of the ALADIN experiment performed by German specialists and the data of JSC OKB Gidropress. Cross-verification of the ROK/B code was carried out in comparison with the results of calculation using the KORSAR/GP and SOKRAT/B1 codes. Based on the results of the validation, it has been concluded that the deviation of the ROK/B results from the experimental data is not more than 2 to 10% (10% for the option with a fuel rod power of 20 W). Based on the results of cross-verification, it has been concluded that the discrepancy between the ROK/B results and the calculation results for the KORSAR/GP and SOKRAT/B1 codes is not more than 0.5% (for SOKRAT/V1) and less than 10% (for KORSAR/GP).
The conservation of mural paintings, stone and stucco elements, which are present in archaeological sites, may involve the removal of synthetic polymers used in the past as consolidants or protective ...agents. Unfortunately, traditional cleaning methods do not provide satisfactory results in this case. Micelles and microemulsions are the most effective alternative to the use of traditional organic solvents. In this contribution, we report the results of laboratory and in situ cleaning tests on specimens and works of art, whose surface was coated with Sokrat® (also known as Axylat®). Polymer removal was performed with a microemulsion that was previously used to efficiently remove Paraloid B72® from inorganic porous substrates. The good results obtained in laboratory were confirmed by the cleaning test on the stucco decorations in the Uaxactun archaeological site (Guatemala). Finally, SAXS characterization of the nanofluid before and after the interaction with Sokrat® showed that micelles reorganize and get smaller due to the solvents’ migration from the aggregates to the polymer. This behavior is in agreement with previous results obtained on this and other microemulsions interacting with different polymeric films.
Namjera ove studije je pojasniti posljedice Sokratove filozofije za razumijevanje odnosa između filozofije i politike, njihove međusobne tenzije i Sokrata kao neprijatelja naroda. Autor istražuje ...tenziju između filozofije i javnoga života usporedbom dva suprotstavljena filozofska projekta – one Sokrata i Platona – pojašnjavajući različite metode i smjerove koje slijede u svojem shvaćanju filozofije i politike. Autorova je tvrdnja da je Sokratova filozofija antipolitička i subverzivna, beskorisna za javni život, te vodi političkoj nestabilnosti i, kako Platon otkriva u svojim dijalozima, tragično osuđena na propast u susretu s političkom moći. S druge strane, Platonov politički projekt, uz sve njegove kontradikcije, neuspjehe i preokrete, predstavlja radikalni zaokret od Sokratove filozofije. Radi se o projektu osnivanja grada na novim političkim temeljima, pokušavajući učiniti filozofiju političkom, a grad siguran za filozofiju stalnom potragom za modus vivendijem između filozofije i politike.
Izlaganje razmatra suštinski odnos filozofije i glazbe u njihovom zajedničkom podrijetlu i izvornosti, otkrivajući ga u svojoj očiglednosti koji, zbog toga, ostaje i dalje prekrasan u svojoj suštini ...i nadasve tajanstven. Taj je odnos ‘dobro’ sačuvan u svim ritmičkim elementima poezije, plesa i glazbe, posebice metrike antičke kulture. Nit vodilja ovog izlaganja je promišljanje o glazbi kroz filozofske načine, i to one kroz koje se filozofski može misliti i o izvornoj filozofiji. Odgovor do kojeg se tu dolazi neminovno se iznova pretvara u postavljanje novih pitanja. Radi se, dakle, o ‘igri’ koja se danas nastavlja ponovnim vraćanjem na prvotno, izvorno pitanje. Jer kako kazuje Heinrich Heine: „I ne završavamo upitati se, opet i opet, dok pregršt zemlje nam ne zatvori usta. Ali i to je odgovor”.
Pojam savjesti u ovom se radu tematizira u vrlo širokoj povijesnoj perspektivi od Sokrata do Nietzschea, ali autor taj pojam prvenstveno nastoji objasniti razmatranjem stavova onih mislioca koje ...smatra ključnima za razumijevanje promjene smisla pojma savjesti. Autor rad započinje analizom stavova sv. Pavla, pri čemu se poziva na interpretaciju Josepha Ratzingera, a potom se autor vraća Sokratovom pojmu daimonion. Nakon toga autor posebno problematizira Hegelovo shvaćanje prema kojem je savjest istaknuta kao sastavni dio moderniteta, ali se istodobno ukazuje i na granice same savjesti. Prema Hegelu, bit je savjesti u subjektivnosti, a upravo tu leži mogućnost njenoga pretvaranja u zlo. Stoga Hegel smatra da je pobjeda Sokratova mišljenja u Ateni rezultirala vladavinom partikularnih svrha i interesa. To je pravi uzrok propasti Atene! Stoga subjektivitet treba biti unutar onoga što Hegel naziva običajnost (Sittlichkeit). Nietzsche problem savjesti razmatra posve drugačije. On savjest dovodi u vezu sa sjećanjem na »bogoliko ustrojstvo našega bića«. Uzimajući u obzir Nietzscheovu kritiku Sokrata, autor ipak zaključuje da pojam savjesti kod oba filozofa podrazumijeva problematiku moći kao i odgovornost čovjeka za samoga sebe.
The purpose of the present study was to develop integrated system of codes (ISC) for performing continuous self-consistent calculation of the whole life cycle of fission products (FP) in the nuclear ...power plant with nuclear reactor unit (RU) equipped with fast reactor (BN) starting from accumulation of FPs in the reactor core to their exit in the environment and migration outside the NPP site territory. SOKRAT-BN integrated code was used in the calculations in combination with KUPOL-BN and NOSTRADAMUS codes.
Practical importance of the study is attributed to the development of the ISC for substantiation of BN RU safety. Simulation of hypothetical beyond design-basis accident at the NPP equipped with BN RU accompanied with escape of radioactive isotopes in the reactor premises was performed as the test task. Results of solution of the test problem confirm practical applicability of the developed ISC. Development of the methodology for simulation of migration and precipitation of radioactive impurities in the sodium coolant represents scientific novelty. Software module TRANS-FR designed for simulation of transport of radioactive fission products (RFP) and radioactive corrosion products (RCP) in the primary cooling circuit and in the gas system of the RU was developed and integrated in the SOKRAT-BN ISC taking into account the main physical processes taking place during transport and accumulation of RFP and RCP.
Software interface modules for data exchange between the SOKRAT-BN, KUPOL-BN and NOSTRADAMUS codes were developed and tested.
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