In this research, SCAPS-1D simulation software (Version: 3.3.10) was employed to enhance the efficiency of CsSnXsub.3 (X = Cl, Br, I) all-inorganic perovskite solar cells. By fine-tuning essential ...parameters like the work function of the conductive glass, the back contact point, defect density, and the thickness of the light absorption layer, we effectively simulated the optimal performance of CsSnXsub.3 (X = Cl, Br, I) all-inorganic perovskite solar cells under identical conditions. The effects of different X-site elements on the overall performance of the device were also explored. The theoretical photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device gradually increases with the successive substitution of halogen elements (Cl, Br, I), reaching 6.09%, 17.02%, and 26.74%, respectively. This trend is primarily attributed to the increasing size of the halogen atoms, which leads to better light absorption and charge transport properties, with iodine (I) yielding the highest theoretical conversion efficiency. These findings suggest that optimizing the halogen element in CsSnXsub.3 can significantly enhance device performance, providing valuable theoretical guidance for the development of high-efficiency all-inorganic perovskite solar cells.
Antimony selenide (Sbsub.2Sesub.3) material has drawn considerable attention as an Earth-abundant and non-toxic photovoltaic absorber. The power conversion efficiency of Sbsub.2Sesub.3-based solar ...cells increased from less than 2% to over 10% in a decade. Different deposition methods were implemented to synthesize Sbsub.2Sesub.3 thin films, and various device structures were tested. In search of a more environmentally friendly device composition, the common CdS buffer layer is being replaced with oxides. It was identified that on oxide substrates such as TiOsub.2 using vacuum-based close-space deposition methods, an intermediate deposition step was required to produce high-quality thin films. However, little or no investigation was carried out using another very successful vacuum deposition approach in Sbsub.2Sesub.3 technology called vapour transport deposition (VTD). In this work, we present optimized VTD process conditions to achieve compact, pinhole-free, ultra-thin (<400 nm) Sbsub.2Sesub.3 absorber layers. Three process steps were designed to first deposit the seed layer, then anneal it and, at the final stage, deposit a complete Sbsub.2Sesub.3 absorber. Fabricated solar cells using absorbers as thin as 400 nm generated a short-circuit current density over 30 mA/cmsup.2, which demonstrates both the very high absorption capabilities of Sbsub.2Sesub.3 material and the prospects for ultra-thin solar cell application.
The electron transport layer (ETL) with excellent charge extraction and transport ability is one of the key components of high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). SnOsub.2 has been considered ...as a more promising ETL for the future commercialization of PSCs due to its excellent photoelectric properties and easy processing. Herein, we propose a facile and effective ETL modification strategy based on the incorporation of methylenediammonium dichloride (MDAClsub.2) into the SnOsub.2 precursor colloidal solution. The effects of MDAClsub.2 incorporation on charge transport, defect passivation, perovskite crystallization, and PSC performance are systematically investigated. First, the surface defects of the SnOsub.2 film are effectively passivated, resulting in the increased conductivity of the SnOsub.2 film, which is conducive to electron extraction and transport. Second, the MDAClsub.2 modification contributes to the formation of high-quality perovskite films with improved crystallinity and reduced defect density. Furthermore, a more suitable energy level alignment is achieved at the ETL/perovskite interface, which facilitates the charge transport due to the lower energy barrier. Consequently, the MDAClsub.2-modified PSCs exhibit a champion efficiency of 22.30% compared with 19.62% of the control device, and the device stability is also significantly improved.
To improve the efficiency of polycrystalline silicon solar cells, process optimization is a key technology in the photovoltaic industry. Despite the efficiency of this technique to be reproducible, ...economic, and simple, it presents a major inconvenience to have a heavily doped region near the surface which induces a high minority carrier recombination. To limit this effect, an optimization of diffused phosphorous profiles is required. A "low-high-low" temperature step of the POClsub.3 diffusion process was developed to improve the efficiency of industrial-type polycrystalline silicon solar cells. The low surface concentration of phosphorus doping of 4.54 × 10sup.20 atoms/cmsup.3 and junction depth of 0.31 μm at a dopant concentration of N = 10sup.17 atoms/cmsup.3 were obtained. The open-circuit voltage and fill factor of solar cells increased up to 1 mV and 0.30%, compared with the online low-temperature diffusion process, respectively. The efficiency of solar cells and the power of PV cells were increased by 0.1% and 1 W, respectively. This POClsub.3 diffusion process effectively improved the overall efficiency of industrial-type polycrystalline silicon solar cells in this solar field.
One of the major limitations causing deadlock in solar cells with higher sulfur content in the photovoltaic absorber material is the unintended formation of an uncontrollable MoSsub.2 layer between ...the absorber material and Mo back contact, which can affect negatively the efficiency of solar cells. Researchers reported that it is very difficult to control the MoSsub.2 properties such as the conductivity type, thickness, band gap, and carrier concentration in experiments. Considering these challenges, an initial step involved a thorough examination utilizing the one-dimensional solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) to assess the impact of n-MoSsub.2 interlayer thickness and donor concentration on the performance of CMTS solar cells. Our investigation revealed the formation of a “cliff-like CBO” at the CMTS/n-MoSsub.2 interface, facilitating the transport of electrons from the p-CMTS absorber to the Mo back contact, resulting in a significantly higher recombination rate. Subsequently, herein a novel approach is proposed, using Cusub.2O as a back surface field (BSF) layer due to its low cost, intrinsic p-type properties, and non-toxic nature. Simulation results of a novel heterostructure (Mo/Cusub.2O/CMTS/CdS/i-ZnO/AZO/Al) of the CMTS-based solar cell are discussed in terms of recombination rate and conduction band alignment at the absorber/BSF interface. A desired “spike-like CBO” is formed between CMTS/Cusub.2O, which hinders the transport of electrons to the back contact. By optimizing the physical parameters such as thickness and the doping density of the Cusub.2O layer, an efficiency η of 21.78% is achieved, with an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.26 V, short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 24.45 mA/cm², and fill factor (FF) of 70.85%. Our simulation results offer a promising research direction to further develop highly efficient and low-cost CMTS solar cells.
Hybrid perovskite materials with high light absorption coefficients, long diffusion lengths, and high mobility have attracted much attention, but their commercial development has been seriously ...hindered by two major problems: instability and lead toxicity. This has led to lead-free halide double perovskite becoming a prominent competitor in the photovoltaic field. For lead-free double perovskites, Pbsup.2+ can be heterovalent, substituted by non-toxic metal cations as a double perovskite structure, which promotes the flexibility of the composition. However, the four component elements and low solubility in the solvent result in synthesis difficulties and phase impurity problems. And material phase purity and film quality are closely related to the number of defects, which can limit the photoelectric performance of solar cells. Therefore, based on this point, we summarize the synthesis methods of Cssub.2B′B″X6 double perovskite crystals and thin films. Moreover, in the application of solar cells, the existing research mainly focuses on the formation process of thin films, band gap adjustment, and surface engineering to improve the quality of films and optimize the performance of devices. Finally, we propose that Cssub.2B′B″Xsub.6 lead-free perovskites offer a promising pathway toward developing highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.
NiO.sub.x is an ideal replacement material for organic hole transport layers, due to its chemical stability and low cost. However, the inherent insulating properties of NiO.sub.x films and the ...post-processing process of solution preparation have been limiting their application and development. Herein, high-quality Al.sub.yNi.sub.1-yO.sub.x hole transport layers were prepared by magnetron sputtering at room temperature without further processing. Simulation and experimental results showed that Al atoms enhance the concentration of holes in NiO.sub.x films, thus improving the electrical conductivity. In addition, the Al.sub.yNi.sub.1-yO.sub.x films exhibited match band alignment with perovskite films, enabling the improved charge transfer and exaction. Furthermore, the perovskite film quality was improved by the Al.sub.yNi.sub.1-yO.sub.x passivation. These factors resulted in an improvement in the power conversion efficiency of 5.4%, compared with undoped NiO.sub.x-based perovskite solar cells. This work provides a prospective reference for the high-throughput production of perovskite solar cells.
A Pb-free FASnIsub.3 perovskite solar cell improved by using Cusub.2O/ZnO as two-dimensional-based hole/electron transport nanolayers has been proposed and studied by using a SCAPS-1D solar ...simulator. To calibrate our study, at first, an FTO/ZnO/MAPbIsub.3/Cusub.2O/Au multilayer device was simulated, and the numerical results (including a conversion efficiency of 6.06%, an open circuit potential of 0.76 V, a fill factor parameter of 64.91%, and a short circuit electric current density of 12.26 mA/cmsup.2) were compared with the experimental results in the literature. Then, the conversion efficiency of the proposed FASnIsub.3-based solar cell was found to improve to 7.83%. The depth profile energy levels, charge carrier concentrations, recombination rate of electron/hole pair, and the FASnIsub.3 thickness-dependent solar cell efficiency were studied and compared with the results obtained for the MAPbIsub.3-containing device (as a benchmark). Interestingly, the FASnIsub.3 material required to obtain an optimized solar cell is one-half of the material required for an optimized MAPbIsub.3-based device, with a thickness of 200 nm. These results indicate that developing more environmentally friendly perovskite solar cells is possible if suitable electron/hole transport layers are selected along with the upcoming Pb-free perovskite absorber layers.
A metal oxide-based interconnecting and window layer consisting of a molybdenum oxide (MoOsub.3)/Zn-doped Insub.2Osub.3 (IZO) bilayer was investigated in efficient solution-processed perovskite/n-Si ...monolithic tandem solar cells using formamidinium cesium lead triiodide, FAsub.0.9Cssub.0.1PbIsub.3, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(polystyrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The MoOsub.3/IZO bilayer with and without Au nanoparticle play a significant role in the charge extraction and recombination within the interconnecting layer and the window layer of the top cell, respectively. A power conversion efficiency of 18–19% was achieved with a short-circuit current, Jsub.sc, of 17.8 mA/cmsup.2; an open-circuit voltage, Vsub.oc, of 1.48 V; and an FF of 0.74 by adjusting the layer thicknesses of MoOsub.3 (5 nm), Au nanoparticle layer (5 nm), and sputtered IZO (42 nm for ICL and 80 nm for window layer).
The use of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) in organic solar cells has led to power conversion efficiencies as high as 18%
. However, organic solar cells are still less efficient than inorganic solar ...cells, which typically have power conversion efficiencies of more than 20%
. A key reason for this difference is that organic solar cells have low open-circuit voltages relative to their optical bandgaps
, owing to non-radiative recombination
. For organic solar cells to compete with inorganic solar cells in terms of efficiency, non-radiative loss pathways must be identified and suppressed. Here we show that in most organic solar cells that use NFAs, the majority of charge recombination under open-circuit conditions proceeds via the formation of non-emissive NFA triplet excitons; in the benchmark PM6:Y6 blend
, this fraction reaches 90%, reducing the open-circuit voltage by 60 mV. We prevent recombination via this non-radiative channel by engineering substantial hybridization between the NFA triplet excitons and the spin-triplet charge-transfer excitons. Modelling suggests that the rate of back charge transfer from spin-triplet charge-transfer excitons to molecular triplet excitons may be reduced by an order of magnitude, enabling re-dissociation of the spin-triplet charge-transfer exciton. We demonstrate NFA systems in which the formation of triplet excitons is suppressed. This work thus provides a design pathway for organic solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of 20% or more.
![Effect of Adding Cu[sub.2]O...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/2071-1050/small "Effect of Adding Cu[sub.2]O as a Back Surface Field Layer on the Performance of Copper Manganese Tin Sulfide Solar Cells")
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