Spiramine C-D, the atisine-type diterpenoid alkaloids isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Spiraea japonica complex, are shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. In this study, we ...report that spiramine derivatives of spiramine C-D bearing alpha , beta -unsaturated ketone induce apoptosis of Bax super(-/-)/Bak super(-/-) MEFs cell, which is positively corresponding their cytotoxicity of tumor cell lines including multidrug resistance MCF-7/ADR. The results indicated that oxazolidine ring is necessary, and derivatives bearing double 'Michael reaction acceptor' group would significantly increased activities both of inducing apoptosis of Bax super(-/-)/Bak super(-/-) cells and cytotoxicity of tumor cells. The result indicated that spiramine derivative with alpha , beta -unsaturated ketone group is a new anti-cancer agent with a capability of inducing apoptosis of cancer cells in Bax/Bak-independent manner.
Genes play regulatory roles in plants' response to low-temperature stress. Our understanding of the mechanism of plants' response to low-temperature stress can be expanded by studying the functions ...of these genes. SfGPX was cloned from Spiraea fritschiana (S. fritschiana) with the highest low-temperature tolerance, to explore the molecular mechanisms of SfGPX in response to low-temperature stress and the physiological mechanisms involved in the regulation of SfGPX to adapt to low temperature, in two species of Spiraea. SfGPX, which was localized in the cytoplasm, was induced by low temperature. The low-temperature tolerance of Spiraea fritschiana was decreased via the interference of SfGPX, and the low-temperature tolerance of Spiraea japonica ‘Gold Mound’ (S. japonica ‘Gold Mound’) was elevated via the overexpression of SfGPX. Under low-temperature stress, the photosynthetic capacity of two species of Spiraea was affected by SfGPX; it was higher in the cold-tolerant plants and lower in the cold-intolerant plants. Under low-temperature stress, the transfer intensity of Ca2+ was affected by SfGPX. The transfer intensity of cold-tolerant plants with lower influx level of Ca2+ kinetics was weaker than that of cold-intolerant plants. Under low-temperature stress, the transfer velocity of Ca2+ was affected by SfGPX, and there were slower effluxes of Ca2+ from Ca2+ reservoir in cold-tolerant plants than in cold-intolerant plants. The above results indicate that the response of Spiraea to low temperature is regulated by SfGPX through affecting photosynthetic capacity as well as intensity and velocity of Ca2+ transfer in response to low temperature in Spiraea.
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•The “ampliative” Spiraea japonica complex was put forward.•Phylogeographical pattern is related to the regionalization of East Asian flora.•Genetic and diterpenoid alkaloids data ...support a transition belt in central China.•Diversification and demographic dynamics were shaped by the geological events.•Polyploidization contributed to the population expansion in east China.
Each subkingdom of East Asian flora (EAF) has a unique evolutionary history, but which has rarely been described based on phylogeographic studies of EAF species. The Spiraea japonica L. complex, which is widespread in East Asia (EA), has received considerable attention because of the presence of diterpenoid alkaloids (DAs). It provides a proxy for understanding the genetic diversity and DA distribution patterns of species under various environmental conditions associated with the geological background in EA. In the present study, the plastome and chloroplast/nuclear DNA of 71 populations belonging to the S. japonica complex and its congeners were sequenced, combined with DA identification, environmental analyses, and ecological niche modelling, to investigate their phylogenetic relationships, genetic and DAs distribution patterns, biogeography, and demographic dynamics. An “ampliative” S. japonica complex was put forward, comprising all species of Sect. Calospira Ser. Japonicae, of which three evolutionary units carrying their respective unique types of DAs were identified and associated with the regionalization of EAF (referring to the Hengduan Mountains, central China, and east China). Moreover, a transition belt in central China with its biogeographic significance was revealed by genetic and DA distribution patterns from the perspective of ecological adaptation. The origin and onset differentiation of the “ampliative” S. japonica complex was estimated in the early Miocene (22.01/19.44 Ma). The formation of Japanese populations (6.75 Ma) was facilitated by the land bridge, which subsequently had a fairly stable demographic history. The populations in east China have undergone a founder effect after the Last Glacial Maximum, which may have been promoted by the expansion potential of polyploidization. Overall, the in-situ origin and diversification of the “ampliative” S. japonica complex since the early Miocene is a vertical section of the formation and development of modern EAF and was shaped by the geological history of each subkingdom.
Particulate matter (PM) is an air contaminant in urban and industrial areas that often exceeds limit values, creating serious problems due to its harmful effects on health. Planting trees and shrubs ...as air filters is a way to improve air quality in these areas. However, further knowledge on species effectiveness in air purification is essential. This study compared four species of tree (Acer campestre L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Platanus × hispanica Mill. ex Muenchh. ‘Acerifolia’, Tilia cordata Mill.), three species of shrub (Forsythia × intermedia Zabel, Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim., Spiraea japonica L.), and one climber species (Hedera helix L.) that are commonly cultivated along streets in Poland to capture fine, coarse and larger particles from air. Separate gravimetric analyses were performed to quantify PM deposited on surfaces and trapped in waxes. Significant differences were found between the plant species tested. The distribution of different particle size fractions differed between and within species and also between leaf surfaces and in waxes.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Spirea ( Spiraea sp.) plants are commonly used in landscapes in Utah and the intermountain western United States. The relative salt tolerance of seven japanese spirea ( Spiraea japonica ) cultivars ...(Galen, Minspi, NCSX1, NCSX2, SMNSJMFP, Tracy, and Yan) were evaluated in a greenhouse. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m −1 (control) or saline solutions with an EC of 3.0 or 6.0 dS·m −1 once per week for 8 weeks. At 8 weeks after the initiation of treatment, all japanese spirea cultivars irrigated with saline solution with an EC of 3.0 dS·m −1 still exhibited good or excellent visual quality, with all plants having visual scores of 4 or 5 (0 = dead, 1 = severe foliar salt damage, 2 = moderate foliar salt damage, 3 = slight foliar salt damage, 4 = minimal foliar salt damage, 5 = excellent), except for Tracy and Yan, with only 29% and 64%, respectively, of plants with visual scores less than 3. When irrigated with saline solution with an EC of 6.0 dS·m −1 , both ‘Tracy’ and ‘Yan’ plants died, and 75% of ‘NCSX2’ plants died. ‘Minspi’ showed severe foliar salt damage, with 32% of plants having a visual score of 1; 25% of plants died. ‘Galen’ and ‘NCSX1’ had slight-to-moderate foliar salt damage, with 25% and 21%, respectively, of plants with visual scores of 2 or less. However, 64% of ‘SMNSJMFP’ plants had good or excellent visual quality, with visual scores more than 4. Saline irrigation water with an EC of 3.0 dS·m −1 decreased the shoot dry weight of ‘Galen’, ‘Minspi’, ‘SMNSJMFP’, and ‘Yan’ by 27%, 22%, 28%, and 35%, respectively, compared with that of the control. All japanese spirea cultivars had 35% to 56% lower shoot dry weight than the control when they were irrigated with saline irrigation water with an EC of 6.0 dS·m −1 . The japanese spirea were moderately sensitive to the salinity levels in this experiment. ‘Galen’ and ‘SMNSJMFP’ japanese spirea exhibited less foliar salt damage and reductions in shoot dry weight and were relatively more tolerant to the increased salinity levels tested in this study than the remaining five cultivars (Minspi, NCSX1, NCSX2, Tracy, and Yan).
Particulate matter (PM) as an air pollutant can be harmful for human health through allergic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Although the main focus is on decreasing air pollution, after PM has ...been emitted to the atmosphere, one of the realistic options to decrease it's concentrations in urbanized area will be phytoremediation. This study compared the capacity to capture PM from air of seven tree species commonly cultivated in Poland (Catalpa bignonioides Walter, Corylus colurna L., Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh., Ginkgo biloba L., Platanus × hispanica Mill. ex Muenchh., Quercus rubra L., Tilia tomentosa Moench ‘Brabant’) and six shrub species (Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm., Sambucus nigra L., Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A.Br., Spiraea japonica L.f., Syringa meyeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Palibin’, Viburnum lantana L.). Significant differences were found between species in mass of total PM accumulation for two PM categories and three size fractions determined and in amount of waxes. A positive correlation was found between in-wax PM of diameter 2.5–10 μm and amount of waxes, but not between amount of waxes and amount of total PM or of any size fraction.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Spiraea japonica var. fortunei has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine and is well-known for its alkaloids. However, there is no adequate study concerning the phenolic compounds. ...Therefore, this study aimed to investigate phenolic compounds found in the leaves and the flowers of the plant both qualitatively and quantitatively. Extractions were performed either with ethanol or methanol, and methanol has shown better performance than ethanol. The leaves were a better source of phenolic compounds than the flowers. The total phenolic content of the methanol extract of the leaves was 25.64 ± 0.32 mg GAE/g dry matter, and antioxidant activity, as determined with the DPPH method, was 69.76 ± 0.34 %. UV-VIS spectrum and FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds. The phenolic profile was investigated with LC-MS using both negative and positive ionization, and a total of 55 phenolic compounds that are attractive for pharmaceutical and medical applications were observed.
Screening salinity-tolerant plants is usually time intensive and only applicable to a limited number of salinity levels. A near-continuous gradient dosing (NCGD) system allows researchers to evaluate ...a large number of plants for salinity tolerance with multiple treatments, more flexibility, and reduced efforts of irrigation. Rose of sharon ( Hibiscus syriacus ), ninebark ( Physocarpus opulifolius ), and japanese spirea ( Spiraea japonica ) were irrigated using an NCGD system with eight electrical conductivity (EC) levels ranging from 0.9 to 6.5 dS·m –1 . At 11 weeks after irrigation was initiated, there were no significant differences among EC levels in terms of visual score, growth index (Height + Width 1 + Width 2)/3, stem diameter, number of inflorescences, and shoot dry weight (DW) of rose of sharon. However, the root DW, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), and net photosynthesis rate (P n ) of rose of sharon decreased linearly as EC levels increased. Ninebark and japanese spirea had increased foliar salt damage with increasing EC levels. The growth index, stem diameter, number of inflorescences, shoot and root DW, SPAD, and P n of ninebark decreased linearly as EC levels increased. The growth index and SPAD of japanese spirea decreased quadratically with increasing EC levels, but its stem diameter, number of inflorescences, shoot and root DW, and P n decreased linearly with increasing EC levels. The salinity threshold (50% loss of shoot DW) was 5.4 and 4.6 dS·m –1 , respectively, for ninebark and japanese spirea. We were not able to define the salinity threshold for rose of sharon in this study. However, rose of sharon was the most salinity-tolerant species among the three landscape plants.
Although controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) have been used in container-grown ornamental plants for decades, new coating technologies and blends of fertilizers coated for specific release rates ...are being employed to customize fertility for specific environments and crops. A study was conducted in the transitional climate of Kentucky to determine the nutrient release rates of three controlled-release blends of 8- to 9-month release and growth response of ‘Double Play Pink’ japanese spirea ( Spiraea japonica ) and ‘Smaragd’ arbovitae ( Thuja occidentalis ). Fertilizer 1 (16N–3.5P–8.3K–1.8Mg + trace elements) and Fertilizer 2 (18N–3.1P–8.3K–1.8Mg + trace elements) were prototype blends with different experimental polymer coatings. Fertilizer 3 was a blend of 18N–2.2P–6.6K–1.1Ca–1.4Mg–5.8S + trace elements, which combined 100% resin-coated prills with a polymer coating. Fertilizer 4 was commercially available 15N–3.9P–10K–1.3Mg–6S + trace elements. Fertilizer 3 released its nutrients earlier in the 12-week study than the other three fertilizers and resulted in lower shoot dry weight in both species. The new polymer coating technologies show promise for delivering a predicted release rate and are appropriate for container production of these woody shrubs in Kentucky. An interesting side note of this experiment was that leachate pH measurements across treatments averaged 1.2 units lower for arbovitae (6.3) than for japanese spirea (7.5) at week 12. It was assumed that chemical and/or biological reactions at the root/substrate interface in arbovitae moderated pH increases over the study.
Japanese spiraea (Spiraea japonica L.f., Rosaceae) is native to Japan, China, and Korea. It is naturalized throughout North America and Europe and has the potential to become an invasive weed. ...Nevertheless, many varieties are widely planted for their ornamental value worldwide. The structures were typical of the powdery mildew Euoidium anamorph of the genus Podosphaera. To confirm the identity of the fungus, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA from KUS-F28608 was amplified and sequenced using universal primer pair ITS1 and ITS4. The resulting sequence of 670 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KT290556). A pathogenicity test was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing a diseased leaf onto five healthy leaves of potted 2-year-old seedlings. Five noninoculated leaves served as controls. The fungus presented on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants. Our field observations suggested that powdery mildew infections pose a serious threat to health of this plant, especially in shady areas of the gardens.
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