Three new atisane diterpenoids, spiratisanins A – C (1 – 3, resp.), featuring a phenylacryloxyl substituted ent‐atisane skeleton, were isolated from Spiraea japonica together with two known atisine ...diterpene alkaloids, spiramine A (4) and spiradine F (5). The structures of these new compounds were elucidated as (5β,7α,8α,9β,10α,12α,16β)‐16‐hydroxyatisan‐7‐yl (2E)‐3‐phenylprop‐2‐enoate (1), (5β,7α,8α,9β,10α,12α,16α)‐16‐hydroxyatisan‐7‐yl (2E)‐3‐phenylprop‐2‐enoate (2), and (5β,8α,9β,10α,12α,16β)‐16‐hydroxyatisan‐20‐yl (2E)‐3‐phenylprop‐2‐enoate (3) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.
Japanese spiraea (Spiraea japonica L.f.), belonging to Rosaceae, is widely planted for its ornamental value in China. Since July 2011, powdery mildew infections on leaves and stems of Japanese ...spiraea have been noticed in some parks and gardens of Chengyang District in Qingdao City, China (GPS coordinates 36°31'04.22″ N, 120°39'41.92″ E). Symptoms first appeared as white spots covered with mycelium on both side of the leaves and young stems. As the disease progressed, abundant mycelial growth covered the whole shoots and caused growth reduction and leaf distortion with or without reddening. A voucher specimen was deposited in the herbarium of Qingdao Agricultural University (Accession No. HMQAU13013). Hyphae were flexuous to straight, branched, septate, 5 to 7 μm wide, and had nipple-shaped appressoria. Conidiophores arising from the upper surface of hyphal cells produced 2 to 5 immature conidia in chains with a crenate outline. Foot-cells of conidiophores were straight, 60 to 125 × 7 to 9 μm, and followed by 1 to 2 shorter cells. Conidia were ellipsoid-ovoid to doliiform, measured 25 to 32 × 12 to 15 μm with a length/width ratio of 1.8 to 2.6, and had distinct fibrosin bodies. Chasmothecia were not found. The structures and measurements were compatible with the anamorphic state of Podosphaera spiraeae (Sawada) U. Braun & S. Takam. as described before (1). The identity of HMQAU13013 was further confirmed by analysis of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions amplified using the primers ITS1/ITS4 (4). The resulting 564-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KF500426). A GenBank BLAST search of complete ITS sequence showed 100% identity with that of P. spiraeae on S. cantoniensis (AB525940). A pathogenicity test was conducted through inoculation by gently pressing a diseased leaf onto five healthy leaves of a potted Japanese spiraea. Five non-inoculated leaves served as controls. The plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 22°C. Inoculated leaves developed typical symptoms of powdery mildew after 5 days, but the non-inoculated leaves remained symptomless. The fungus presented on the inoculated plant was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Powdery mildew of S. japonica caused by P. spiraeae has been recorded in Japan, Poland, and Switzerland (2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by P. spiraeae on Japanese spiraea in China. References: (1) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No.11. CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ September 10, 2013. (3) T. Kobayashi. Index of Fungi Inhabiting Woody Plants in Japan. Host, Distribution and Literature. Zenkoku-Noson-Kyoiku Kyokai Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 2007. (4) S. Matsuda and S. Takamatsu. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 27:314, 2003.
Two new diterpenoid alkaloids, spiramilactams A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the basic fraction of a MeOH extract of whole plants of Spiraea japonica var. ovalifolia. Their structures were ...established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic and mass‐spectrometric analyses.
Clark, M. J. and Zheng, Y. 2015. Species-specific fertilization can benefit container nursery crop production. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 251-262. To determine the responses of six container-grown shrub ...species to different controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) application rates, plant growth and root-zone traits were evaluated following fertilization with Polyon® 16-6-13, 5-6 month CRF incorporated at 0.60, 0.89, 1.19, 1.49 and 1.79 kg m-3 N. The six species tested at a southwestern Ontario, Canada, nursery were Cornus stolonifera ‘Flaviramea’ (yellow-twig dogwood), Euonymus alatus ‘Compactus’ (dwarf winged euonymus), Hydrangea paniculata ‘Grandiflora’ (Pee Gee hydrangea), Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Nugget’ (Nugget ninebark), Spiraea japonica ‘Magic Carpet’ (Magic Carpet spirea), Weigela florida ‘Alexandra’ (Wine and Roses weigela). Different species responded differently to the CRF rates applied. For the majority of species at the final harvest, growth index, plant height, canopy area, leaf area and above-ground dry weight were greater in high vs. low CRF rates; however, different species had different optimal CRF application rates or ranges: 1.49 kg m-3 N for Hydrangea and Spiraea, 1.19 kg m-3 N for Weigela, 1.19 to 1.49 kg m-3 N for Cornus and Physocarpus, and =0.60 kg m-3 N for Euonymus. Based on these species-specific optimal fertilizer rates or ranges, growers can group plant species with similar fertilizer demands, thereby reducing fertilizer waste and maximizing plant production.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprint was the measure used to reveal the patterns of genetic variation within the Spiraea japonica L. f. complex, in the context of physical ...environment differentiation stemming from the Himalaya-Tibet plateau uplift, the most significant geological event in eastern Asia since the late Paleocene. The complex displays obvious genetic heterogeneity among geographic populations, which was greater in south-western China than in eastern China. The uplift of the Himalaya-Tibet plateau, and consequent increase in environmental complexity in south-western China, is presumed to be responsible for this genetic structure. The obvious genetic heterogeneity among populations or varieties of the S. japonica complex indicates that the rich biodiversity in south-western China is possibly based on genetic variation, suggesting that the biodiversity centre of south-western China represents a tremendous gene pool. It also supports the idea that the protected area and conservation investment made in south-western China should be further augmented. In addition, the greater genetic heterogeneity displayed by plants in south-western China suggests that conservation plans in this region should be more inclusive than those in eastern China.
Spiraea japonica, a diverse, perennial shrubby species complex widespread across E Asia, was a useful model in a first attempt to link specific phylogeny, floristic evolution, and historical ...environmental changes in E Asia. DNA-based phylogenetic reconstruction served as a framework to investigate whether the patterns of variation in alkaloids and nrITS from varieties of S. japonica reflect the geological history of China and the uplifting of the Himalaya-Tibet plateau, the most significant geological event in E Asia since the late Paleocene. The high geographical structure found in the phylogenetic trees was corroborated by the distribution of alkaloids. All populations from E China, with mainly hetisine-type alkaloids, formed a single clade, sister to a clade of all populations from SW China, with mainly atisine-type alkaloids. The distribution boundary between the two clades roughly matched the floristic division between the Sino-Japanese Forest and the Sino-Himalayan Forest subkingdoms, as well as the environmental division between SW and E China, suggesting a close link between specific phylogeny, floristic evolution, and geographical changes in E Asia. The divergence between lineages at variety and population level within the eastern clade was slightly older than those within the southwestern clade, supporting the hypothesis of a northeast-southwest migration of Spiraea since the Eocene. The uplift of the Himalaya-Tibet plateau and subsequent increase in geographical complexity in SW China, could facilitate divergence maintenance, thus accelerating the evolutionary rate.
Biological invasions of non-native species are an important conservation issue because of the potential negative impacts on native plant and animal communities. One species of concern in Virginia is ...Japanese spiraea (Spiraea japonica L.f.). At Buffalo Mountain Natural Area Preserve (BMNAP) the spread of Japanese spiraea threatens the integrity of native high-elevation grassy balds, eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) glades, and mafic seep communities. A prerequisite to successful management of a non-native species is knowledge about where a species has established and how it spreads. Thus, our objectives were to: (1) identify current populations of Japanese spiraea at BMNAP, and (2) characterize environmental conditions favoring the growth of Japanese spiraea. Paired-plot sampling was used to compare environmental parameters from adjacent plots with and without Japanese spiraea. Canopy cover was significantly lower in plots with Japanese spiraea compared to plots without Japanese spiraea (t = 1.76, P = 0.02), suggesting Japanese spiraea is more successful in establishing in higher light environments. At BMNAP, lower canopy cover reflected historical disturbances such as old power line cuts or roads. Although Japanese spiraea is not currently invading the grassy balds or eastern redcedar glades at the Buffalo Mountain summit, existing populations pose an immediate threat to the mafic seeps at the base of the mountain. Regular monitoring and mapping will be important to prevent Japanese spiraea from hindering conservation goals.
A novel ent‐atisane lactone, spiramilactone E (1), was isolated from Spiraea japonica var. acuta Yu. Its structure was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and unequivocally confirmed by ...single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (Fig. 2). Compound 1 contains a γ‐lactone moiety between the 6‐OH function and C(20), and β‐configuration for the 7‐OH group, in contrast to known related diterpenes previously isolated from the S. japonica complex.
Two new atisane-type diterpenoid glucosides, spiraeosides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of Spiraea japonica L. f. var. ovalifolia. Their structures were characterized based on ...spectral analysis, and the structure of 1 was further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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