To evaluate the association between the urinary benzophenone-3 concentrations and measures of ovarian reserve (OR) among women in the Environment and Reproductive Health study seeking fertility ...treatment at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in Boston, Massachusetts.
Prospective cohort study.
MGH infertility clinic in Boston, Massachusetts.
Women in the Environment and Reproductive Health cohort seeking fertility treatment.
Women contributed spot urine samples prior to assessment of OR outcomes that were analyzed for benzophenone-3 concentrations.
Antral follicle count (AFC) and day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were evaluated as part of standard infertility workups during unstimulated menstrual cycles. Quasi-Poisson and linear regression models were used to evaluate the association of the specific gravity–adjusted urinary benzophenone-3 concentrations with AFC and FSH, with adjustment for age and physical activity. In the secondary analyses, models were stratified by age.
This study included 142 women (mean age ± standard deviation, 36.1 ± 4.6 years; range, 22–45 years) enrolled between 2009 and 2017 with both urinary benzophenone-3 and AFC measurements and 57 women with benzophenone-3 and FSH measurements. Most women were White (78%) and highly educated (49% with a graduate degree). Women contributed a mean of 2.7 urine samples (range, 1–10), with 37% contributing ≥2 samples. Benzophenone-3 was detected in 98% of samples. The geometric mean specific gravity–corrected urinary benzophenone-3 concentration was 85.9 μg/L (geometric standard deviation, 6.2). There were no associations of benzophenone-3 with AFC and day 3 FSH in the full cohort. In stratified models, a 1-unit increase in the log geometric mean benzophenone-3 concentration was associated with a 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.86–0.97) times lower AFC among women aged ≤35 years and an increase in the FSH concentration of 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.12–1.34) IU/L among women aged >35 years.
In the main models, urinary benzophenone-3 was not associated with OR. However, younger patients may be vulnerable to the potential effects of benzophenone-3 on AFC. Further research is warranted.
Photostability of sunscreens Kockler, Jutta; Oelgemöller, Michael; Robertson, Sherryl ...
Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. C, Photochemistry reviews,
March 2012, 2012-3-00, Letnik:
13, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
► A comprehensive review of the photostability of physical and chemical UV-filters. ► The major photoreactions of these UV-filters individually and in combination. ► The impact on their ...photostability when used in combination (broad spectrum). ► The effect of the formulation, antioxidants and excipients on photostability. ► The importance of photostability testing for sunscreens, currently not mandatory.
Sunscreens were originally designed to include mainly UVB-filters. Because of the deeper penetration of UVA light, causing photoaging and DNA damage, there has been a shift towards broad spectrum sunscreens. These broad spectrum sunscreens now include both UVA- and UVB-filters and other ingredients which possess antioxidant activity. Although sunscreens are regulated in most countries, photostability testing is not mandatory. Because of the ability of sunscreen ingredients to absorb UV-light and the complexity of most of these formulations, which may include more than one UV-filter, antioxidants and other formulation excipients, it is important that their photostability in combination is determined.
Given their capacity to adsorb chemical pollutants, microplastics represent a growing environmental concern in the oceans. The levels of 81 chemical compounds in two types of beached microplastic ...(pellets and fragments) were monitored across the Canary Islands (Spain). The highest concentrations were found for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (52.1–17,023.6ng/g and 35.1–8725.8ng/g for pooled pellets and fragments, respectively). The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were 0.9–2285.8 and 1.6–772.5ng/g for pooled pellets and fragments, respectively, whereas organochlorine pesticides (OCP) ranged from 0.4–13,488.7 and 0.4–3778.8ng/g, respectively. The sum of polychlorinated biphenyls and diphenyl-dichloro-ethane (DDT) metabolites was significantly higher in beaches on Gran Canaria, which is the most populated and industrialized island. The sum of ultraviolet filters (UV-filters) was higher in those beaches more frequented by tourists (Famara and Las Canteras), than in occasionally or very rarely visited beaches (Cuervitos and Lambra), with values ranging from 0 to 37,740.3ng/g and 3.7–2169.3ng/g for pellets and fragments, respectively. Furthermore, the sum of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE) (0–180.58ng/g for pooled pellets and 0.06–3923.9ng/g for pooled fragments) and organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFR) (20.0–378.0ng/g for pooled pellets, and 22.6–7013.9ng/g for pooled fragments) was significantly higher in an urban beach (Las Canteras) than in the rest of the studied beaches. Finally, the concentrations of the pesticide chlorpyrifos were much higher on Gran Canaria beaches than in the rest. In this research we provide further evidence of the important role of plastic debris in the adsorption of a wide range of marine pollutants. The regional pattern of chemical contamination of plastics reveals that the sorption of many compounds probably occurs in coastal waters. Further investigation is necessary to understand the relationship between plastic types and adsorption of different pollutants, especially for emerging pollutants.
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•Pellets present higher contamination levels than plastic fragments•High levels of DDT metabolites in the microplastic found in the coastal environment of the Canary Islands•Higher levels of contamination were found in Gran Canaria, the most populated and industrialized island•Part of the pollutant load in microplastic seem to be adsorbed from the coastal environment
Minerals such as TiO
2 and ZnO are extensively used in sunscreen lotions as active broadband sunscreens that screen both UVB (290–320
nm) and UVA (320–400
nm) sunlight radiation and as high SPF ...makers, as well as being well-known active semiconductor photocatalysts used extensively to destroy environmental organic pollutants. They have also been shown to induce damage to DNA plasmids in vitro and to whole human skin cells in cultures, thus requiring that they be made photo-inert for use in sunscreens and suncare products that also contain chemical (organic) UV filters (e.g., Padimate-O; see figure), whose photostabilities under simulated sunlight UV radiation in polar and apolar solvents and in actual commercial formulations have been questioned.
Minerals such as titanium dioxide, TiO
2, and zinc oxide, ZnO, are well known active semiconductor photocatalysts used extensively in heterogeneous photocatalysis to destroy environmental pollutants that are organic in nature. They are also extensively used in sunscreen lotions as active broadband sunscreens that screen both UVB (290–320
nm) and UVA (320–400
nm) sunlight radiation and as high SPF makers. When so photoactivated by UV light, however, these two particular metal oxides are known to generate highly oxidizing radicals (
OH and
O
2
-
) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H
2O
2 and singlet oxygen,
1O
2, which are known to be cytotoxic and/or genotoxic. Hydroxyl (
OH) radicals photogenerated from photoactive TiO
2 specimens extracted from commercial sunscreen lotions R. Dunford, A. Salinaro, L. Cai, N. Serpone, S. Horikoshi, H. Hidaka, J. Knowland, FEBS Lett. 418 (1997) 87 induce damage to DNA plasmids in vitro and to whole human skin cells in cultures. Accordingly, the titanium dioxide particle surface was modified to produce TiO
2 specimens of considerably reduced photoactivity. Deactivation of TiO
2 diminishes considerably, in some cases completely suppresses damage caused to DNA plasmids, to human cells, and to yeast cells compared to non-modified specimens exposed to UVB/UVA simulated solar radiation. The photostabilities of sunscreen organic active agents in neat polar and apolar solvents and in actual commercial formulations have been examined N. Serpone, A. Salinaro, A.V. Emeline, S. Horikoshi, H. Hidaka, J. Zhao, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 1 (2002) 970. With rare exceptions, the active ingredients undergo photochemical changes (in some cases form free radicals) and the sunscreen lotions lose considerable Sun protection efficacy only after a relatively short time when exposed to simulated sunlight UVB/UVA radiation, confirming the recent findings by Sayre et al. R.M. Sayre, J.C. Dowdy, A.J. Gerwig, W.J. Shields, R.V. Lloyd, Photochem. Photobiol. 81 (2005) 452.
The occurrence of UV-filters in the environment has raised concerns over potentially adverse impacts on corals. In this study, the concentrations of 13 UV-filters and 11 hormones were measured in ...surface seawater, sediment, and coral tissue from 19 sites in Oahu, Hawaii. At least eight UV-filters were detected in seawater, sediment, and coral tissue and total mass concentrations of all UV-filters were <750 ng L−1, <70 ng g−1 dry weight (dw), and <995 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Four UV-filters were detected in water, sediment, and coral tissue at detection frequencies of 63–100%, 56–91%, and 82–100%, respectively. These UV-filter concentrations generally varied as follows: water, homosalate (HMS) > octisalate (OS) > benzophenone-3 (BP-3, also known as oxybenzone) > octocrylene (OC); sediment, HMS > OS > OC > BP-3; coral, OS ≈ HMS > OC ≈ BP-3. BP-3 concentrations in surface seawater were <10 ng L−1 at 12 of 19 sites and highest at Waikiki beach (e.g., 10.9–136 ng L−1). While BP-3 levels were minimal in sediment (e.g., <1 ng g−1 dw at 18 of 19 sites), and ranged from 6.6 to 241 ng g−1 dw in coral tissue. No quantifiable levels of 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (also known as octinoxate) were recorded in surface seawater or coral tissues, but 5–12.7 ng g−1 dw was measured for sediment at 5 of 19 sites. No hormones were detected in seawater or sediment, but 17α-ethinylestradiol was present in three corals from Kaneohe Bay. Surfactant degradation products were present in seawater, especially at Waikiki beach. These results demonstrate ubiquitous parts-per-trillion concentrations of UV-filters in surface seawater and is the first report of UV-filters in coral tissue from U.S.A. coastal waters. These data inform the range of environmentally-relevant concentrations for future risk assessments on the potential impacts of UV-filters on coral reefs in Oahu, Hawaii.
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•First report of UV-filters in coral tissue from a USA coral reef.•At least 8 UV-filters detected in matched surface seawater, sediment and coral tissue from 19 sites in Oahu, Hawaii.•UV-filter concentrations in the parts per trillion (ng L-1) in surface seawater and in ng g-1 dw. in sediment and corals.•Octinoxate, 11 hormones and sucralose were not detected in surface seawater but surfactant degradation products were.•Overall highest UV-filter concentrations in all matrices were for homoslate and octisalate.
Availability of new UV filters in the United States lags behind the European Union (EU), partly due to differing approval processes.
To review available human safety data of all US- and EU-approved ...UV filters.
Data from Food and Drug Administration and EU regulatory guidelines, federal governmental documentation, databases, reviews, and opinions for approval and ongoing safety evaluation were analyzed.
Currently, there are 17 US UV filters and 29 EU UV filters (18 EU-approved only filters). Almost all US filters possessed sensitization data (94%, 16/17) with the majority (76%, 13/17) showing minimal skin sensitization. The minority of EU-approved only filters (33%, 6/18) possessed sensitization data, all showing no sensitization. Some filters possessed dermal absorption data (US: 76%, 13/17; EU: 44%, 8/18). Oxybenzone, octinoxate, octisalate, homosalate, and octocrylene, approved in the US and EU, were shown to have plasma levels exceeding the Food and Drug Administration exposure threshold.
Proprietary manufacturer human data were unavailable.
Many new UV filters are available in the EU, but not yet in the United States. Rigorous US and EU guidelines ensure that UV filters provide adequate photoprotection assuming consumers follow American Academy of Dermatology SPF (sun protection factor) and broad-spectrum recommendations. Human data are limited, but known human risks of sunscreen appear minimal.
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•Hybrid materials realized after the encapsulation of UV filters in zeolites were tested.•The hybrids were successfully incorporated into oil-in-water emulsions.•The skin permeation ...tests displayed a very low permeation through pig skin.•No UV filter accumulation in dermis layer.•The photostability of the hybrid-based emulsions were was high.
Exposure to both UVA and UVB radiation from the sun stands as the primary cause of skin cancers, contributing to the escalating yearly count of diagnosed cases. Sunscreen products, (i.e. organic and inorganic UV filters) have become ubiquitous in personal-care products, packaging, plastics, dyes, and many other sectors. Ideal UV filters should be photostable and dissipate the absorbed energy efficiently. However, most organic UV filters are photolabile upon protracted UV exposure, leading to the formation of photoproducts of unknown toxicity for human health and environment. The chemical environment surrounding UV filters may strongly affect their behaviour: the interaction with other components of sunscreen formulations may enhance their degradation. Particularly, the interaction between photochemically incompatible ingredients must be avoided. Therefore, much effort has been invested in developing more effective and safe sunscreens.
Our team recently focused on the preparation and characterization of hybrid UVfs obtained by the encapsulation of organic UV filters into various zeolites differing for topology. The zeolite most efficient for the encapsulation of organic UV filters, in term of stability and efficiency in radiation filtration, resulted to be LTL zeolite. Here, hybrid materials realized after the encapsulation of octinoxate (OMC) and avobenzone (AVO) in LTL zeolite were tested in terms of skin permeation profiles, cytotoxicity and photostability once the materials are dispersed in cream formulations, so to mimicking the real condition of use.
The results show that the hybrids were successfully incorporated into oil-in-water emulsions and the skin permeation tests displayed a very low UV filter permeation through pig skin and no UV filter accumulation in dermis layer.
The photostability of the hybrid-based emulsions were compared with that of emulsions containing a mixture of bare OMC and AVO, highlighting a reduced decrease in UV screening efficiency upon irradiation for the samples containing the hybrid materials with respect to the free filters. This evidence confirms that the encapsulation in the zeolite frameworks prevents some of the photodegradation reactions. The result of this paper highlights that zeolite encapsulation is increasingly establishing as a viable way to stabilize UV filters and other photoactive molecules.
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The Mediterranean region is, by far, the leading tourism destination in the world, receiving more than 330 million tourists in 2016. This tourism is undertaken mostly for seaside ...holidays, and during the summer season concentrates between 46% and 69% of the total international arrivals; this is equivalent to a density of 2.9 tourists per meter of Mediterranean coast, or double this number taking into account the local/permanent population in addition. Previous studies have reported not only the presence of sunscreen in the various environmental compartments (water, sediments and biota) of the Mediterranean Sea (MS) and other regions, but also show that sunscreen products are toxic for marine biota and are accumulated and biomagnificated. Here, we highlight that the environmental risk of these chemicals is likely to be exacerbated in the MS due to the massive influx of tourists and its densely populated coasts, the basin's limited exchanges with the ocean, the high residence time of surface waters, and its oligotrophic waters.
The estrogenic activity of the chemical UV-filters, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and octyl methoxy cinnamate (OMC) was investigated in an in vivo rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) assay. ...Plasma vitellogenin concentrations were quantified by means of an Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) in juvenile rainbow trout before and after intraperitoneal injection of the test compounds. Injection of 4-MBC on day 0, 3, 6 and 10 in the exposure period caused dose and time dependent increases in the concentration of plasma vitellogenin. Significant elevation of vitellogenin concentrations in plasma was demonstrated from 151 mg 4-MBC kg−1 injection−1. Logistic regression analysis relating the percentage of responding fish to the injected dose of 4-MBC resulted in ED10, ED50 and ED90 values of 37, 115 and 194 mg kg−1 injection−1, respectively, after 14 days of exposure (4 injections). Injections with OMC (up to 202 mg kg−1 injection−1) did not result in a statistically significant response in groups of exposed fish, although some individual fish showed elevated concentrations of vitellogenin in plasma. The results confirm that 4-MBC is estrogenic in fish in vivo.
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•The estrogenic effect of 4-MBC and OMC was tested in a rainbow trout in vivo assay.•Vitellogenin induction was used as biomarker after intraperitoneal injection.•4-MBC induced vitellogenin synthesis with an ED50 of 115 mg 4-MBC/kg/injection.•202 mg OMC/kg did not result in increased average vitellogenin concentrations.•However, a few individual fish responded to 202 mg OMC/kg.
•First study to analyze benzophenone and related compounds in açaí-based products.•Dilute-and-shoot approach was combined with metal-containing ionic liquids (MCILs).•Multivariate optimization was ...used for the in-situ formation of MCILs.•Suitable values for recovery (85–107 %) and precision (≤13 % RSD) were achieved.
For the first time, benzophenone and related compounds were investigated in açaí-based food products. An extraction method based on the dilute-and-shoot approach, combined with the use of in-situ formed metal-containing ionic liquids (MCILs) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography, was developed and validated. A nickel and cobalt-based MCIL, in addition to the ratio of MCIL to lithium bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonylimide salt (Li+NTf2−) for the ensuing metathesis reaction, were optimized. Parameters of the in-situ formed MCIL step, namely, the amount of MCIL, centrifugation time, and dilution step, were analyzed using a multivariate optimization approach, including central composite rotatable design and Derringer and Suich's tool. Optimum extraction performance was achieved using 50.98 mg of nickel-based MCIL and a MCIL to (Li+NTf2−) ratio of 1:3 (m/m), a centrifuge time of 22 min, and 10.53 mL of water for the dilution step. This condition was used to perform analytical validation, which yielded satisfactory results with R2 ≥ 0.995, limits of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.0025 to 0.5 mg kg−1, and limits of quantification (LOQ) between 0.008 and 1.5 mg kg−1. The recovery rate ranged from 87 % to 107 % and precision values (as percent relative standard deviation) were equal or lower than 13 %. The validated method was applied to 25 samples of açaí-based food products purchased from Brazil and the United States. None of the samples showed analyte concentration levels above the LOD. The method's suitability was demonstrated for future monitoring of complex samples, such as foodstuffs.
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