•Cu3N thin film deposited by superlative HiPIMS and used for photodetection application for the first time.•Cu3N nanocrystal exhibits the uniform crystalline and enhanced surface properties.•The ...perfect formation of ITO/Cu3N/ITO resulted in excellent photosensitivity.•Most reliable thinfilm material for UV-Viz photosensitivity compared to other materials to-date.
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Copper Nitride (Cu3N) thin films exhibit promising optoelectronic properties and are favourable for further applications in the field of photodetection, lithium-ion batteries etc. In this work, Cu3N thin film deposited by reactive High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) and used for photodetection application for the first time. The microstructure of Cu3N nanocrystal shows the uniform crystalline morphology and less defects due to high target species ionization rate. The phase structure analysis results confirmed the presence of nitrogen within Cu3N thin film that is composed of Cu3N crystallites with anti-ReO3 structure. Remarkably, optical properties reveal significant absorbance and enhancement in ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Viz) range, which strongly affect the photodetection properties of fabricated ITO/Cu3N/ITO device. Excellent photosensitivity of 3792% was attained with a fixed light intensity. Furthermore, the photosensitivity was increased to 7443% with increased light intensity. It was perceived that the enhanced surface properties and perfect formation of ITO/Cu3N/ITO resulted in beneficial pn junction thus exhibits high performance and ultrafast electron-hole recombination. Also, the HiPIMS technique offers high-quality films with a dense and smooth surface that helped in enhancing photodetection. These outstanding results emanate Cu3N films could be potential candidate for future optoelectronic devices fabrication that can be applied in smart thin-film gadgets.
The genus
, harbouring 293 species/subspecies, constitutes a phylogenetically incoherent group. In the absence of reliable means for grouping known
species into distinct clades, restricting the ...placement of new species into this genus has proven difficult. To clarify the evolutionary relationships among
species, 352 available genome sequences from the family
were used to perform comprehensive phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses. Four phylogenetic trees were reconstructed based on multiple datasets of proteins including 1172 core
proteins, 87 proteins conserved within the phylum Firmicutes, GyrA-GyrB-RpoB-RpoC proteins, and UvrD-PolA proteins. All trees exhibited nearly identical branching of
species and consistently displayed six novel monophyletic clades encompassing 5-23
species (denoted as the Simplex, Firmus, Jeotgali, Niacini, Fastidiosus and Alcalophilus clades), interspersed with other
species. Species from these clades also generally grouped together in 16S rRNA gene trees. In parallel, our comparative genomic analyses of
species led to the identification of 36 molecular markers comprising conserved signature indels in protein sequences that are specifically shared by the species from these six observed clades, thus reliably demarcating these clades based on multiple molecular synapomorphies. Based on the strong evidence from multiple lines of investigations supporting the existence of these six distinct '
' clades, we propose the transfer of species from these clades into six novel
genera viz.
gen. nov.,
gen. nov.,
gen. nov.,
gen. nov.,
gen. nov. and
gen. nov. These results represent an important step towards clarifying the phylogeny/taxonomy of the genus
.
The synthesis of pyrylium and pyridinium salts and pyridines with azulene-1-yl moieties in position 4 and two 2-heteroarylvinyl groups in positions 2 and 6 was accomplished. The pyrylium salts were ...obtained starting from pyranones and pyridines could be prepared from these salts by treating them with ammonium acetate. The general procedures for the synthesis of pyridinium salts, which occur with good results in less delocalized electronic systems, do not take place when applied to the above obtained pyrylium salts. Therefore, as starting material 4-(azulen-1-yl)-1-(n-butyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridinium perchlorate was used, which was condensed with heteroarylcarboxaldehydes. These compounds were completely characterized and some of their spectra were discussed. Their interaction with some metal ions was revealed, observing an affinity better than in the case of simple azulenepyridines. In the last part of the paper are presented redox potentials for several pyrylium salts and pyridines in comparison with those of the nonvinylogated derivatives.
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•2,6-(diheteroarylvinyl)-4-(azulen-1-yl) six-member heterocyclic compounds were synthesized.•Discussion of the maxima of absorption based on the molecular calculus.•Description of the isosbestic points, calculi of the pKa values and presentation of the solvatochromic effect.•Interaction with metal ions.•Comparative presentation of the oxidation and reduction potentials.
The uncertain demeanour from wind generators and loads adversely affect the grid operational stability. Various control approaches have been explored to remedy the system uncertainties while ...maintaining generation and load demand balance. This study proposes a fuzzy-based proportional–fractional integral–derivative with filter controller to sustain frequency stability in wind integrated power systems having different configurations. The controller parameters have been tuned using a recently developed coyote optimisation algorithm (COA). The proposed control approach is executed and validated on three distinct configurations of two-area power systems. All test models are integrated with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) type wind turbine units (WTUs). Different case scenarios have been considered to analyse the efficacy of the proposed control strategy in the presence of WTU. Furthermore, the impact of inertial support delivered by the DFIG-WTU and higher penetration of wind energy in the power system has been studied. The analysis reveals that the control scheme in coordination with WTU support reduces the stress on a wind turbine during the inertial control scheme and maintains the grid frequency stability under unexpected load disturbances. Stability and robustness analysis are also conducted to verify the validity of the introduced control approach.
This article uses John Berger’s idea (1972) that images are connected to ‘ways of seeing’ to reflect on the creation of interactive visualizations of peace agreement and peace process data. We ...reflect on three visualizations created during a three-year long collaboration. We first describe our data, the peacebuilding ambitions for its use, and why we produced interactive forms of visualization. Second, we describe how the process of producing these visualizations created an interdisciplinary conversation and collaboration, which also connected different epistemic and geographic communities involved in peace processes. We term this ‘visualization-as-scoping’. Third, we reflect on both ‘what we saw’, through the process of visualization, how it affected policy, and the lessons we learned regarding visualization in the peacebuilding field. In the article, we argue that our experience of ‘visualization-as-scoping’ inverts traditional assumptions about the connection of data visualization to policy influence. In place of the notion of visualization-as-communication, focused on transmitting clear policy ‘messages’, we point to visualization-as-scoping as a practice of interchange, critique and re-iteration. Using John Berger as inspiration, we suggest that the ‘ways of seeing’ that result can usefully disrupt the idea of a data producing singular policy prescriptions, and rather enable people to grapple better with the complex political processes they are involved in.
Systematic mapping assesses the nature of an evidence base, answering how much evidence exists on a particular topic. Perhaps the most useful outputs of a systematic map are an interactive database ...of studies and their meta-data, along with visualisations of this database. Despite the rapid increase in systematic mapping as an evidence synthesis method, there is currently a lack of Open Source software for producing interactive visualisations of systematic map databases. In April 2018, as attendees at and coordinators of the first ever Evidence Synthesis Hackathon in Stockholm, we decided to address this issue by developing an R-based tool called EviAtlas, an Open Access (i.e. free to use) and Open Source (i.e. software code is freely accessible and reproducible) tool for producing interactive, attractive tables and figures that summarise the evidence base. Here, we present our tool which includes the ability to generate vital visualisations for systematic maps and reviews as follows: a complete data table; a spatially explicit geographical information system (Evidence Atlas); Heat Maps that cross-tabulate two or more variables and display the number of studies belonging to multiple categories; and standard descriptive plots showing the nature of the evidence base, for example the number of studies published per year or number of studies per country. We believe that EviAtlas will provide a stimulus for the development of other exciting tools to facilitate evidence synthesis.
Hybrid renewable energy systems (RESs) are being widely utilized as an alternate source of energy for mitigating the rapidly increasing energy demand. Explicit representation of the results obtained ...from the impact analysis made on a newly proposed or an existing hybrid RES is complex, and it requires powerful visualization tools. Over the years, various visualization techniques were developed towards addressing this problem. Therefore, the use of visualization techniques are continuously growing and have been the focus of many researchers across the world. This review article presents a comprehensive analysis of the advancements in the use of different immersive visualization (IV) tools in state-of-the-art RES development. A total of 41 software packages and a collection of recently published research articles in the field of RES development incorporated with advanced IV tools was identified and critically reviewed based on its use-case, accessibility, complexity, robustness, immersivity, and adaptability. Finally, a list of fit-for-purpose software packages that could be used at different stages of the RES development is recommended. A summary of the current advancements in the use of the IV tools in RES development is presented to highlight the broader potential of multidisciplinary applications of the advanced IV tools in RES development.
•One of the first multi-disciplinary review on the impact of immersive visualization tools used in renewable energy source development.•Overview of the key immersive visualization tools used in renewable energy source development.•A detailed review of the current progress in integration of immersive visualization tools in RES development.•Discussion on the benefits and limitations on the use of immersive visualization tools in renewable energy development.•A detailed review on 41 software packages and 163 research articles used in renewable energy development.
Posters are intended to spark scientific dialogue and are omnipresent at biological conferences. Guides and how-to articles help life scientists in preparing informative visualizations in poster ...format. However, posters shown at conferences are at present often overloaded with data and text and lack visual structure. Here, I surveyed life scientists themselves to understand how they are currently preparing posters and which parts they struggle with. Biologist spend on average two entire days preparing one poster, with half of the time devoted to visual design aspects. Most receive no design or software training and also receive little to no feedback when preparing their visualizations. In conclusion, training in visualization principles and tools for poster preparation would likely improve the quality of conference posters. This would also benefit other common visuals such as figures and slides, and improve the science communication of researchers overall.
Chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a type of neuropathic pain that is a major dose-limiting side-effect of potentially curative cancer chemotherapy treatment regimens that develops ...in a "stocking and glove" distribution. When pain is severe, a change to less effective chemotherapy agents may be required, or patients may choose to discontinue treatment. Medications used to alleviate CIPN often lack efficacy and/or have unacceptable side-effects. Hence the unmet medical need for novel analgesics for relief of this painful condition has driven establishment of rodent models of CIPN. New insights on the pathobiology of CIPN gained using these models are discussed in this review. These include mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress that are implicated as key mechanisms in the development of CIPN. Associated structural changes in peripheral nerves include neuronopathy, axonopathy and/or myelinopathy, especially intra-epidermal nerve fiber (IENF) degeneration. In patients with CIPN, loss of heat sensitivity is a hallmark symptom due to preferential damage to myelinated primary afferent sensory nerve fibers in the presence or absence of demyelination. The pathobiology of CIPN is complex as cancer chemotherapy treatment regimens frequently involve drug combinations. Adding to this complexity, there are also subtle differences in the pathobiological consequences of commonly used cancer chemotherapy drugs, viz platinum compounds, taxanes, vincristine, bortezomib, thalidomide and ixabepilone, on peripheral nerves.
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