Responding to the expansion of scientific knowledge about the roles of nutrients in human health, the Institute of Medicine has developed a new approach to establish Recommended Dietary Allowances ...(RDAs) and other nutrient reference values. The new title for these values Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), is the inclusive name being given to this new approach. These are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes applicable to healthy individuals in the United States and Canada. This new book is part of a series of books presenting dietary reference values for the intakes of nutrients. It establishes recommendations for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. This book presents new approaches and findings which include the following:
The establishment of Estimated Energy Requirements at four levels of energy expenditure
Recommendations for levels of physical activity to decrease risk of chronic disease
The establishment of RDAs for dietary carbohydrate and protein
The development of the definitions of Dietary Fiber, Functional Fiber, and Total Fiber
The establishment of Adequate Intakes (AI) for Total Fiber
The establishment of AIs for linolenic and a-linolenic acids
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges as a percent of energy intake for fat, carbohydrate, linolenic and a-linolenic acids, and protein
Research recommendations for information needed to advance understanding of macronutrient requirements and the adverse effects associated with intake of higher amounts
Also detailed are recommendations for both physical activity and energy expenditure to maintain health and decrease the risk of disease.
Personal Values Across Cultures Sagiv, Lilach; Schwartz, Shalom H
Annual review of psychology,
01/2022, Letnik:
73, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Values play an outsized role in the visions, critiques, and discussions of politics, religion, education, and family life. Despite all the attention values receive in everyday discourse, their ...systematic study took hold in mainstream psychology only in the 1990s. This review discusses the nature of values and presents the main contemporary value theories, focusing on the theory of basic personal values. We review evidence for the content and the structure of conflict and compatibility among values found across cultures. We discuss the assumptions underlying the many instruments developed to measure values. We then consider the origins of value priorities and their stability or change over time. The remainder of the review presents the evidence for the ways personal values relate to personality traits and subjective well-being and the implications of value differences for religiosity, prejudice, pro- and antisocial behavior, political and environmental behavior, and creativity, concluding with a discussion of mechanisms that link values to behavior.
A value based education plays a vital and pivotal role in the upliftment of the society making it the best and a blessed place to live in. The values and morals that literature cultivates and ...advocates help the society become morally strong, ethically undaunted and psychologically stable and secure. Literature imparts values through various literary works by citing examples with the help of stories, novels, poems, essays and epistles. In this article we tried enumerating all these.
One of the most significant global events in the last forty years has been the rise of China— economically, technologically, politically, and militarily. The question on people's minds for decades ...has been whether China will replace the United States as a superpower in the near future. But for China, this power must be comprehensive — having strong economic and militant forces are only two pieces of the puzzle. China must also possess soft power, such as attractive ideologies, values, and culture. China as Number One? explores China’s soft powers through the eyes of Chinese citizens. Utilizing data from the World Values Survey, the contributors to this collection analyze the potential soft power of a rising China by examining its residents' social values. A comprehensive study of changes and continuities in the political and social values of Chinese citizens, the book examines findings in the context of evolutionary modernization theory and cross-national comparison.
The article is devoted to the socio-philosophical aspects of the formation of the value structure of the individual in the digital age. The relevance of the research is due to a high degree of ...interest in the problem of transformation of personal attitudes in connection with the spread of the digital media environment. The author turns to the analysis of ideas about values in the society existing in the conditions of information culture, sets the task of determining the degree and ways of influence of the information sphere on the value attitudes of the individual. The research is based on the conceptual framework of social ontology. The article emphasizes the dependence of ideas about significant spiritual and moral dominants on the influence of many socio-cultural factors. The specificity of digital culture is associated with a rich information field that creates new meanings and priorities. The methodological basis of the analysis is a topological approach that identifies the factors of total influence of the information field on the consciousness and value settings of an individual. The role of transformation of the value of time and knowledge in digital reality as a factor of self-determination of an individual in social space time is shown. The article considers the value growth of the attitude to freedom of self-presentation in the digital network. The ambiguity and incompleteness of homo informaticus models is emphasized. The article summarizes the data of socio-psychological research of the structure of basic values of the individual and overcoming Internet addiction in the youth environment. The author concludes that it is necessary to limit the chaos of the digital network by security criteria and a system of information filters.
We make the case that there are four distinct forms of organizational values – espoused, attributed, shared and aspirational. These partial, but related, forms encompass variation in temporal ...orientation and levels of analysis. We use these forms to reveal the dynamic nature of organizational values by delineating the evolution of gaps and overlaps between them. We set out a series of propositions, originating from institutional, organizational and managerial sources to explain the nature of movement between these distinct forms of values and the potential implications for organizational behaviour and performance. Finally, we consider the possibilities of this fine-grained analysis of the organizational values concept for future research.
The COVID‐19 pandemic poses an exceptional challenge for humanity. Because public behaviour is key to curbing the pandemic at an early stage, it is important for social psychological researchers to ...use their knowledge to promote behaviours that help manage the crisis. Here, we identify human values as particularly important in driving both behavioural compliance to government guidelines and promoting prosocial behaviours to alleviate the strains arising from a prolonged pandemic. Existing evidence demonstrates the importance of human values, and the extent to which they are shared by fellow citizens, for tackling the COVID‐19 crisis. Individuals who attach higher importance to self‐transcendence (e.g., responsibility) and conservation (e.g., security) values are likely to be more compliant with COVID‐19 behavioural guidelines and to help others who are struggling with the crisis. Further, believing that fellow citizens share one's values has been found to elicit a sense of connectedness that may be crucial in promoting collective efforts to contain the pandemic. The nature of values, and cross‐cultural agreement on their importance, suggests that they are ideally suited to developing and tailoring effective, global interventions to combat this pandemic.
We broaden the developmental focus of the theory of universals in basic human values (Schwartz, 1992, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology) by presenting supportive evidence on children's ...values from six countries: Germany, Italy, Poland, Bulgaria, the United States, and New Zealand. 3,088 7–11‐year‐old children completed the Picture‐Based Value Survey for Children (PBVS‐C, Döring et al., 2010, J. Pers. Assess., 92, 439). Grade 5 children also completed the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ, Schwartz, 2003, A proposal for measuring value orientations across nations. Chapter 7 in the Questionnaire Development Package of the European Social Survey). Findings reveal that the broad value structures, sex differences in value priorities and pan‐cultural value hierarchies typical of adults have already taken form at this early age. We discuss the conceptual implications of these findings for the new field of children's basic values by embedding them in the recent developmental literature.
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