In defense of P values Murtaugh, Paul A
Ecology (Durham),
March 2014, Letnik:
95, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Statistical hypothesis testing has been widely criticized by ecologists in recent years. I review some of the more persistent criticisms of P values and argue that most stem from misunderstandings or ...incorrect interpretations, rather than from intrinsic shortcomings of the P value. I show that P values are intimately linked to confidence intervals and to differences in Akaike's information criterion (ΔAIC), two metrics that have been advocated as replacements for the P value. The choice of a threshold value of ΔAIC that breaks ties among competing models is as arbitrary as the choice of the probability of a Type I error in hypothesis testing, and several other criticisms of the P value apply equally to ΔAIC. Since P values, confidence intervals, and ΔAIC are based on the same statistical information, all have their places in modern statistical practice. The choice of which to use should be stylistic, dictated by details of the application rather than by dogmatic, a priori considerations.
The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a theoretical model that explains that the influence of personal values on sustainable consumption behaviour is moderated by the cultural and ...consumption context in which the relationship is studied. Data is collected using survey questionnaires, conducted both online and offline, with diverse set of population and total 526 responses are used for assessing validity and reliability by applying PLS based structural equation modelling. The paper identifies fresh set of value dimensions that drive sustainable consumption practices. It is further seen that attitude is more likely to moderate the relationship for internally oriented values than externally oriented values. Thus, the paper significantly extends the previous research on the relationship between values and sustainable consumption behaviour. The findings of this paper have significant contributions for practitioners who wish to sell sustainable products in different cultural contexts.
•Identifies new set of value dimensions that influence sustainable consumption behaviour (SCB).•Strength of value-behaviour relationships varies for different categories of SCB.•Attitude moderates the relationship between values and behaviour for internally oriented values.•Perceived Consumer Effectiveness moderates attitude-behaviour relationship only for higher level SCB.
Personality Traits and Personal Values Parks-Leduc, Laura; Feldman, Gilad; Bardi, Anat
Personality and social psychology review,
02/2015, Letnik:
19, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Personality traits and personal values are important psychological characteristics, serving as important predictors of many outcomes. Yet, they are frequently studied separately, leaving the field ...with a limited understanding of their relationships. We review existing perspectives regarding the nature of the relationships between traits and values and provide a conceptual underpinning for understanding the strength of these relationships. Using 60 studies, we present a meta-analysis of the relationships between the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality traits and the Schwartz values, and demonstrate consistent and theoretically meaningful relationships. However, these relationships were not generally large, demonstrating that traits and values are distinct constructs. We find support for our premise that more cognitively based traits are more strongly related to values and more emotionally based traits are less strongly related to values. Findings also suggest that controlling for personal scale-use tendencies in values is advisable.
Objective
This study investigates a set of variables related to the relative valuing of narrow self‐interest versus the concerns of a larger community. These values likely capture stable ...dispositions. Additionally, because ethics‐relevant values are associated with ongoing cultural and moral socialization, they may develop over time as in May’s theory of “mature” values.
Method
We administered eight value priority scales (Mature Values, Unmitigated Self‐Interest, Materialism, Financial Aspirations, and Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Collectivism) to a national community sample (N = 864, 66% female, 71% White, mean age 36) on four occasions approximately one year apart (Time 4 N = 570). We examined the mean‐level change as cross‐sectional age differences and longitudinal change, and rank‐order stability. Correlations with Big Five/Big Six personality traits are reported.
Results
As people grew older, they increased in Mature Values and Horizontal and Vertical Collectivism, and decreased in Unmitigated Self‐Interest, Materialism, and Vertical Individualism. Rank‐order stability of the values was nearly as high as personality traits over three years. Stability increased with age for some scales.
Discussion
The stability of values scores suggests that they capture dispositional aspects, but age differences and longitudinal trends are also consistent with the hypothesis of socialization toward more inclusive value priorities.
The burgeoning literature on global value chains (GVCs) has recast our understanding of how industrial clusters are shaped by their ties to the international economy, but within this context, the ...role played by corporate social responsibility (CSR) continues to evolve. New research in the past decade allows us to better understand how CSR is linked to industrial clusters and GVCs. With geographic production and trade patterns in many industries becoming concentrated in the global South, lead firms in GVCs have been under growing pressure to link economic and social upgrading in more integrated forms of CSR. This is leading to a confluence of "private governance" (corporate codes of conduct and monitoring), "social governance" (civil society pressure on business from labor organizations and non-governmental organizations), and "public governance" (government policies to support gains by labor groups and environmental activists). This new form of "synergistic governance" is illustrated with evidence from recent studies of GVCs and industrial clusters, as well as advances in theorizing about new patterns of governance in GVCs and clusters.
Attitudes towards economic inequality are crucial to uphold structural economic inequality in democratic societies. Previous research has shown that socioeconomic status, political ideology, and the ...objective level of economic inequality associated with individuals' attitudes towards economic inequality. However, some have suggested that people are aware of the individual and social features that are more functional according to the level of economic inequality. Therefore, individual predispositions such as cultural values could also predict these attitudes. In the current research, we expand previous results testing whether cultural variables at the individual level predict attitudes towards economic inequality. After analysing survey data including samples from 52 countries (N = 89,565), we found that self‐enhancement values predict positively, and self‐transcendence negatively, attitudes towards economic inequality as the ideal economic inequality measures. This result remained significant even after controlling by socioeconomic status, political ideology, and objective economic inequality. However, this effect is only true in high and middle social mobility countries, but not in countries with low social mobility. The present research highlights how cultural values and country social mobility are crucial factors to addressing attitudes towards economic inequality.
This book takes a transdisciplinary approach and considers multisectoral actions, integrating health, agriculture and environmental sector issues, to comprehensively explore the topic of sustainable ...diets. It informs readers with arguments, challenges, perspectives, policies, actions and solutions on this global topic.
The impact of personal values on preferences, choices, and behaviors has evoked much interest. Relatively little is known, however, about the processes through which values impact behavior. In this ...conceptual article, we consider both the content and the structural aspects of the relationships between values and behavior. We point to unique features of values that have implications to their relationships with behavior and build on these features to review past research. We then propose a conceptual model that presents three organizing principles: accessibility, interpretation, and control. For each principle, we identify mechanisms through which values and behavior are connected. Some of these mechanisms have been exemplified in past research and are reviewed; others call for future research. Integrating the knowledge on the multiple ways in which values impact behavior deepens our understanding of the complex ways through which cognition is translated into action.
Key relationships of farmers (and other rural land managers) and resultant value conflicts between farmers and conservation programs
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•We propose a conceptual framework to understand ...farmer participation in incentive schemes.•Our framework is based on three key relationships: Farmer—Land, Farmer—Community, Farmer—Landscape.•We identified value conflicts that served as barriers to participation in an agri-environmental incentive scheme.•Aligning programs with the values of target participants could increase enrollment and reinforce stewardship.
Agri-environmental incentive programs seek to compensate farmers for changes to enhance ecosystem services and/or biodiversity, yet enrolling participants is a common challenge. We examine this challenge using a relational values lens, a framework developed here in reference to three key relationships of farmers to: their land, community and landscape. We then apply this framework to better understand participation in an incentive program for riparian buffers in the US Northwest (the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program). Results are derived from in-depth interviews among participants and potential participants. Using qualitative coding and analysis, we identified five key value conflicts between participants and programs, via the implications of program rules for participant values: aesthetics, active land management, parcel-specific knowledge, and community knowledge about and agency over the landscape. Applying a relational values framework demonstrates how program conditions appear to threaten these valued relationships, leading to value conflicts between programs and participants. Analysis of participant responses suggests that grounding conservation programs in locally salient values could not only increase enrollment but also foster stewardship values that underlie conservation. We conclude with suggestions as to how agri-environmental incentive programs could adapt to better fit with farmer values—making programs more attractive without undermining their ecological effectiveness.
The study examined the relations between adolescents’ self‐esteem and two aspects of values: content and congruence with classmates. Using a large sample of Israeli adolescents (N = 1,683; ...Mage = 14.36, SD = 2.24, range = 11–18, 54.31% females), we found that self‐esteem related negatively to self‐enhancement values and positively to conservation values using zero order correlations. Multilevel polynomial regressions, controlling for demographic differences, found significant quadratic associations of self‐esteem with self‐enhancement, self‐transcendence, openness‐to‐change, and conservation values. Furthermore, using Response Surface Analyses, it was found that adolescents who were congruent with their classmates’ self‐enhancement and self‐transcendence values showed the highest levels of self‐esteem. The findings point to the importance of social context for the relations between values and self‐esteem among adolescents.
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