Most scholars have argued that student engagement positively predicts academic achievement, but some have challenged this view. We sought to resolve this debate by offering conclusive evidence ...through a meta-analysis of 69 independent studies (196,473 participants). The results revealed
that (a) there was a moderately strong and positive correlation between overall student engagement and academic achievement, and an analysis of the domains of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement showed that almost all had a positive correlation with students' academic achievement;
and (b) a moderator analysis revealed that the relationship between student engagement and academic achievement was influenced by the method of reporting engagement, cultural value, and gender. Furthermore, the relationships of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement with academic
achievement were influenced by reporting method for engagement, cultural value, or gender.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Large‐scale change in human values and associated behavior change is believed by some to be the ultimate solution to achieve global biodiversity conservation. Yet little is known about the dynamics ...of values. We contribute to this area of inquiry by examining the trajectory of values affecting views of wildlife in North America. Using data from a 19‐state study in the United States and global data from the Schwartz Value Survey, we explored questions of value persistence and change and the nature of attitudinal responses regarding wildlife conservation issues. We found support, based on subjects’ ancestry, for the supposition that domination is a prevalent American value orientation toward wildlife that has origins in European Judeo‐Christian traditions. Independent of that effect, we also found indications of change. Modernization is contributing to a shift from domination to mutualism value orientations, which is fostering attitudes less centered on human interests and seemingly more consistent with a biocentric philosophy. Our findings suggest that if value shift could be achieved in a purposeful way, then significant and widespread behavior change believed necessary for long‐term conservation success may indeed be possible. In particular, greater emphasis on mutualism values may help provide the context for more collaborative approaches to support future conservation efforts. However, given the societal forces at play, it is not at all clear that human‐engineered value shift is tenable. Instead of developing strategies aimed at altering values, it may be more productive to create strategies that recognize and work within the boundaries of existing values. Whereas values appear to be in a period of flux, it will be difficult to predict future trends without a better understanding of value formation and shift, particularly under conditions of rapid social‐ecological change.
Researchers often struggle when applying ‘golden rules of thumb’ to evaluate structural equation models. This paper questions the notion of universal thresholds and calls for adjusted orientation ...points that account for sample size, factor loadings, the number of latent variables and indicators, as well as data (non-)normality. This research explores the need for flexible cutoffs and their accuracy in single- and two-index strategies. Study 1 reveals that many indices are biased; thus, rigid cutoffs can become imprecise. Flexible cutoff values are shown to compensate for the unique distorting patterns and prove to be particularly beneficial for moderate misspecification. Study 2 sheds further light on this ‘gray’ area of misspecification and disentangles the different sources of misspecification. Study 3 finally investigates the performance of flexible cutoffs for non-normal data. Having substantiated higher performance for flexible reference values, this paper provides to managers an easy-to-use tool that facilitates the determination of adequate cutoffs.
The article considers theoretical aspects of values and value orientations. The paper gives results of their empirical research among 1st–3rd year students learning pedagogy. The authors discuss ...various approaches to the understanding of values and value orientations, their classification in domestic and foreign psychology, the place of values in the structure of the individual, as well as the significance of values in the structure of the individual and the need to allocate a separate group of priority values – universal values. The study presents the results of an empirical study of terminal and instrumental values (the M. Rokich method in the modification of D. Leont’ev). The paper highlights groups of students depending on value orientations, analyses similarities and differences in most important and less desirable terminal and instrumental values, which different groups have.
Values of farmers – Evidence from Germany Graskemper, Viktoria; Yu, Xiaohua; Feil, Jan-Henning
Journal of rural studies,
January 2022, 2022-01-00, 20220101, Letnik:
89
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Against the background of fundamentally changing political and social requirements of agricultural production, the requirement profile of farmers has changed. The future of agriculture is widely ...discussed. To prepare a ground for future debates and policy programme design, it is essential to obtain an understanding of which values underlie the behaviour of farmers. This paper applies Schwartz's value theory to a large quantitative survey (N = 787) of German farmers. In addition to the overall value portrait, different value portraits within the sample of farmers are analysed. Farmers of the sample first and foremost prioritise self-transcendence values followed by openness to change. Conservation and self-enhancement are ranked to be less important within the value priorities of farmers. Furthermore, three different value portraits are identifiable within the sample. These groups differ significantly in their risk attitude and involvement in structural diversification. Implications for agricultural policy design and agricultural management are derived from the results.
•Application of the Schwartz value portrait to a large farmer sample.•Farmers are particularly self-transcendent and open to change.•Unsupervised Machine Learning used to identify value clusters within the sample.•Risk affinity and structural diversification occur with distinct openness to change.•Rather conservative farmers more often pursue part-time farming.
Every behavior cannot be freely valued, including religious behavior which has been carried out by the Shia community. This article examines the values inherent in the taqiyya carried out by the Shia ...community in Banjaran Village, Bangsri, Jepara Regency. The problems which are answered: how the concept of Taqiyya according to Shia community in Banjaran; how they practice it in socio-religious life; and what values are put forward from the implementation of taqiyya. Answering these problems based on a descriptive qualitative research. Data was collected from Shia figures, Shia believers, village chief and secretaries, as well as non-Shia residents. Data collection is carried out through non-participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation. Triangulation technique is used to check the credibility of the data. The analysis technique uses the interactive analysis model of Miles and Huberman. The results of the study indicate that taqiyya according to the Shia community in Banjaran is to refrain from revealing their Shia identity. They implement it, both in matters of worship and social interaction, when they are forced. Taqiyya is carried out by the Shia community in Banjaran within the framework of its function as an expression of obedience, as well as a strategy of self-defense and belief, as well as a strategy to adapt thus its existence is accepted and does not disturb society in general. This is where in the practice of taqiyya religious and social values are attached. These values contribute to the strengthening of harmony and tolerance in Banjaran.
Objective: This study provides the first nationally representative data on U.S. adults' perceptions of income sharing within families.
Background: Modern couples confront tensions between ideals of ...mutual interests and values of economic autonomy, a departure from fitting themselves into culturally expected family arrangements of the past. This study teases apart the conditions under which people might prioritize one cultural value over another.
Method: The author conducted a nationally representative survey experiment (N = 3,986 individuals). The respondents selected an income allocation arrangement for a fictional couple with varied relationships investments (i.e., marriage, parenthood, length of relationship) and earning disparities.
Results: Although stronger relationship investments were associated with greater support for sharing all income, the most commonly selected income allocation arrangement was a hybrid arrangement of sharing some income and keeping the rest separate. When respondents preferred some amount of financial autonomy, the primary earner was expected to maintain ownership of a greater amount of the total household income. The preferred level of withholding income was slightly larger in magnitude when women were shown as the primary earner when compared with men shown as the primary earner.
Conclusion: The pursuit of economic autonomy, in combination with beliefs about gender, are important dimensions of gender inequality located within families.
Forests are important for the transition to a bioeconomy. With 60% of Europe's forest area owned and managed by small-scale owners, these owners' management behaviour is key. Identifying ...commonalities and differences between owners in different EU countries promotes effective implementation of EU strategies for a sustainable transition to a wood-based bioeconomy. This study examines the value orientations and management behaviour of private small-scale forest owners in five EU countries. Based on a questionnaire survey in Austria, Finland, Germany, Slovenia, and Sweden (n = 2524), we analysed these owners' values, and how various management activities are perceived in relation to management strategies. Respondents rated the importance of economic, environmental, and social values regarding their forest holdings, and were divided into groups based on their value orientation. Overall, the largest value group was ‘All values very important’; more so in Austria, Finland, and Germany than in Slovenia and Sweden. In Finland and Sweden the proportion of respondents in the ‘Economic and environmental values’ value group was low. This suggets that small-scale forest owners in these countries rarely consider economics and the environment together. Forest management activities were applied to varying degrees in the five countries. However, respondents in all countries who considered all values to be very important were the most active in all management activities compared to those who considered all values to be somewhat important. Our analysis highlighted the importance of context, showing that the propensity to use a particular activity was explained to a lesser extent by owner characteristics and value orientation and, in the case of most activities, more strongly by country. The way objectives of policies and management strategies are communicated may need to be adapted to the specific conditions of each country.
•Forest owners consider environmental, social, and economic values of forest all to be very important.•Forest values differ from country to country according to different conditions and national forest policies.•National context, more than forest values, influences the willingness to use various activities?•What is considered a nature-oriented activity in one country is not necessarily the case in another.
•We propose a regional formulation of IDF curves of point-rainfall maxima.•We develop in a unified way a scale-invariant Generalized Extreme Value framework.•We apply this framework to the ...Mediterranean region of Cévennes-Vivarais, France.•We propose a correction for sampling effects.•We produce mean and return levels maps of extreme rainfall in the range 1h–1week.
We propose in this paper a regional formulation of Intensity–Duration–Frequency curves of point-rainfall maxima in a scale-invariant Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) framework. The two assumptions we make is that extreme daily rainfall is GEV-distributed – which is justified by Extreme Value Theory (EVT) – and that extremes of aggregated daily rainfall follow simple-scaling relationships. Following these assumptions, we develop in a unified way a GEV simple-scaling model for extremes of aggregated daily rainfall over the range of durations where scaling applies. Then we propose a way of correcting this model for measurement frequency, giving a new GEV-scaling model for extremes of aggregated hourly rainfall. This model deviates from the simple-scaling assumption. This framework is applied to the Mediterranean region of Cévennes-Vivarais, France. A network of about 300 daily raingage stations covering the last 50years and accumulated to span the range 1day–1week is used to fit the scale invariant GEV-model locally. By means of spatial interpolation of the model parameters, and correction for measurement frequency, we are able to build a regional model with good performances down to 1h duration, even though only one hourly station is used to build the model. Finally we produce mean and return level maps within the region in the range 1h–1week and comment on the potential rain storms leading to these maps.
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