Gimnazijsko učeničko društvo Svačić Horvat, Siniša
Radovi Zavoda za znanstveni rad Varaždin,
12/2021, Letnik:
32, Številka:
32
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Učeničko društvo Svačić počelo je djelovati 1906. godine kao tamburaški zbor unutar
varaždinske Gimnazije, a ubrzo je kao organizirano tamburaško društvo nastupalo i izvan
škole. Pod vodstvom prof. ...Milana Stahuljaka oblikovani su kvalitetan tamburaški i pjevački
zbor te salonski orkestar koji su do ljeta 1913. godine, priređivali glazbeno-deklamatorne
produkcije povremeno dopunjavane amaterskim predstavama i organiziranim plesom.
Bez Svačićevog sudjelovanja ubrzo je postala nezamisliva svaka ozbiljnija priredba
u Gimnaziji, a njegovi programi znatno su obogatili kulturnu i zabavnu ponudu u gradu.
Pred Prvi svj. rat ulogu Svačićevog zborovođe preuzeo je prof. Tomislav Miškulin pod
čijim je vodstvom ova djelatnost nadopunjena izuzetno kvalitetnim koncertnim aktivnostima.
Čim su to političke okolnosti dopustile, Svačićevi su nastupi, tijekom i nakon rata,
pomogli prikupljanju novca za pomoć siromašnim gimnazijalcima i ratnim stradalnicima.
Zalaganjem Milana Kamana, novog ravnatelja varaždinske Gimnazije, diktatorski
režim kralja Aleksandra je 1930. ipak dozvolio osnivanje Varaždinskog gimnazijskog udruženja
„Svačić“ s ciljem da lakše kontrolira izvannastavne aktivnosti u školi. Rad udruženja
propisan je Pravilima potvrđenim od Ministarstva prosvjete i organiziran je kroz sekcije.
U početku su utemeljene glazbena, znanstvena i literarna, a sljedećih godina oformljene
su sportska, likovna šahovska i filatelistička sekcija. Nastavni savjet imenovao je profesore
voditelje sekcija koje su održavale radne sastanke pripremajući programe za tzv.
sijela, priredbe putem kojih su svoj rad predstavljale unutar škole ili na nivou grada, a
povremeno su Gimnaziju predstavljale i na višim razinama. Pritom se posebno isticala
sportska sekcija pod vodstvom prof. Zvonimira Suligoja koja se, uz lokalne manifestacije
predstavljala na državnim sletovima. Glazbena sekcija pod vodstvom prof. Tomislava
Miškulina je svoje koncertne programe predstavljala u Hrvatskom glazbenom zavodu i
zagrebačkoj katedrali. Literarna sekcija je učeničke radove povremeno objavljivala u zagrebačkim
književnim revijama, a samostalno je izdavala učenički list Svačić. Zahvaljujući
njihovoj aktivnosti kulturni, zabavni i društveni život u Gimnaziji i Varaždinu 30-ih godina
20. stoljeća bio je znatno bogatiji i kvalitetniji. No promjenom političkih odnosa neposredno
pred Drugi svjetski rat, rad ove udruge bio je ugašen.
Varaždin pumpkin seed oil is a virgin edible oil obtained by roasting and mechanically pressing dry pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.). The aroma is dominated by a sense of toastiness interwoven with ...a specific nutty taste without any foreign or rancid smell or taste. It is dark green to black in colour with a reddish glow. It is characterized by fragrant, spicy notes and a well-balanced bouquet. The basic quality chemical parameters of Varaždin pumpkin seed oil monitored over the past eight years show that the proportion of free fatty acids (expressed as oleic) is less than 1%, which indicates good quality of the raw material and the applied oil production technology. The peroxide value is less than 4 mmol O2/kg, which is an indicator of good oxidation stability of the oil during its storage. The average value of the representation of unsaturated fatty acids is more than 80%, and variations in the fatty acid composition are the result of specific climatic conditions occuring in the year of growing and harvesting pumpkins.
The town of Varaždin was surrounded by a fortification in the shape of an irregular quadrilateral with bastions, semi-circular half towers and north and south town gates which were entered across ...wooden bridges stretching over a moat. According to historical sources, its construction was associated with the impending threat to the wider area of the Kingdom of Croatia and Styria in the second half of the 15th century, while the underlying mediaeval fortification layer that preceded it has not been sufficiently researched yet. Although the exact time of the beginning of its construction remains unknown, the existence and construction of the walls is mentioned in the sources as early as 1516. Some elements indicating the appearance of the fortification around the settlement before it was modernised are known from historical sources, but its final transformation occurred in the Renaissance during the restoration of the feudal fortification into a Wasserburg, when these two elements were connected with a shared fortification system. Apart from repairs, after this period there were no significant interventions on the fortification until the second half of the 18th century, when the east and west walls were breached for the purpose of urban development and to facilitate transport. At the beginning of the 19th century the fortification was systematically demolished, leaving only the foundations of the walls beneath the street level and individual segments in the foundations of houses.
The Varaždin alluvial aquifer located in the Drava River valley.
The study area is characterized by agricultural activity, which raised concerns due to the high nitrate concentration in groundwater. ...The present study aims to evaluate future nitrate concentrations in groundwater using the numerical groundwater flow and transport modeling. The regional model was generated in GMS software, using the MODFLOW code for steady-state groundwater flow model, and MT3DMS code for nitrate transport model. Advective-dispersive transport was simulated, without a chemical retardation process. The calibrated model was used to investigate the evolution of groundwater nitrate concentrations for the next 20 years under four scenarios: a) current nitrate input; b) zero input from wastewater; c) agricultural input reduced by 50%; d) input from natural vegetation and surface water
The scenario analysis demonstrated that reducing the nitrate input from agricultural areas yields a considerable reduction of nitrate in groundwater, while the impact of wastewater is negligible. Neither of the scenarios reached concentrations below threshold value of 50 mg/L for the entire aquifer in the next 20 years. The nitrate concentration in the northern part of the aquifer will remain low, mainly due to the dilution from river. The central part of the aquifer is highly dependent on changing the on-ground nitrate concentration, showing inertia regarding the nitrate attenuation in groundwater.
•The nitrate transport was simulated using advection-dispersion mechanism, without a chemical retardation.•Neither of the future scenarios reached nitrate below 50 mg/L for the entire aquifer.•Simulation results suggest agriculture as a major nitrate pollutant in the study area.
Eduard Halper Sigetski (Škarićevo kod Krapine, 14. prosinca 1824. – 23. kolovoza 1877.) pripadao je plemićkoj obitelji Halpera Sigetskih podrijetlom iz Ugarske, koji su svoje posjede, nakon dolaska u ...Hrvatsku u drugoj polovini 18. stoljeća i primanja u red hrvatskoga plemstva, stekli na širem području Hrvatskoga zagorja, točnije unutar Zagrebačke i Varaždinske županije (Martinci, Pavlovec, Pluska, Luka, Sela, Donje Turnišće, Hum i Zajezda) s centralnim posjedom u Škarićevu pokraj Krapine. Članovi obitelji bili su aktivni u političkom i upravnom životu civilne Hrvatske cijelo 19. stoljeće. Ta se aktivnost manifestirala obnašanjem službi odvjetnika i kotarskih sudaca Varaždinske županije, koje je pratio i ulazak u Sabor izborom za narodnoga zastupnika kotareva Klanjec i Sv. Križ (Nikola i Eduard Halper Sigetski). Upravo će Eduard Halper Sigetski dolaskom pod utjecaj pravaških ideja 1860-ih uz vršenje dužnosti kotarskoga suca u Malom Taboru, a zatim i suca u Pregradi, činiti glavni stup i žarište djelovanja Stranke prava u Hrvatskom zagorju. Uz već poznata saznanja o Halperovoj financijskoj potpori pravašima, poput plaćanja kaucije za pokretanje i tiskanje stranačkoga lista Hervatska, te političkom djelovanju prema vrhu stranke (sudjelovanja na stranačkim sastancima, optiranja za saborska mjesta), u radu će se prikazati i njegovo djelovanje na lokalnoj razini u političkom, društvenom i kulturnom aspektu, čime će se upotpuniti rekonstrukcija političkoga portreta. Pritom će okosnicu činiti analizirani podaci iz pisama koja su mu u tom razdoblju pisali prvaci Stranke prava Ante Starčević i Eugen Kvaternik. U radu će se prikazati društvena i politička aktivnost Eduarda Halpera Sigetskog, tj. njegovo političko djelovanje kao člana Stranke prava od 1869. do 1875. godine.
Eduard Halper Sigetski (Škarićevo near Krapina, December 14, 1824 – August 23, 1877) belonged to the noble family Halper Sigetski, originally from Hungary. Having arrived in Croatia in the second half of the 18th century and integrated into the Croatian nobility, the family acquired estates in the broader area of Hrvatsko Zagorje, specifically within Zagreb and Varaždin Counties (Martinci, Pavlovec, Pluska, Luka, Sela, Donje Turnišće, Hum, and Zajezda), with a central property in Škarićevo near Krapina. Throughout the 19th century, family members actively participated in the political and administrative life of Civil Croatia, serving as lawyers and district judges in the Varaždin County. Nikola and Eduard Halper Sigetski were elected to the Parliament as people’s representatives for the districts of Klanjec and Sv. Križ. Eduard, influenced by the Party of Rights in the 1860s, served as a district judge in Mali Tabor and later in Pregrada, which became the party’s main pillar and hub in Hrvatsko Zagorje. In addition to the known information about Halper’s financial support to the Party of Rights, as he paid a deposit for the launch and printing of the party newspaper Hervatska and became politically involved in various ways, climbing within the party’s ranks (participating in party meetings, opting for parliamentary seats), this paper explores his political, social, and cultural contributions at the local level in order to complete his political portrait. To this purpose, the study includes an analysis of letters he received from the leaders of the Party of Rights, Ante Starčević and Eugen Kvaternik. Finally, the paper sheds light on the political and social activities of Eduard Halper Sigetski as a member of the Party of Rights from 1869 to 1875.
Najopsežnije i sigurno najcitiranije djelo o povijesti »grada baroka«, epitet
je kojim se nesumnjivo može opisati Povijest grada Varaždina renomiranog hrvatskog
povjesničara Rudolfa Horvata ...(Koprivnica, 14. ožujka 1873. – Zagreb,
25. svibnja 1947.). Njegovim se tiskom namjeravalo dostojno obilježiti proslavu
jubileja sedamstogodišnjice grada Varaždina (1909.) – ali nije; rukopis je tiskan
1993. godine. Godine 2017. navršilo se sedam desetljeća od piščeve smrti, a 2018.
godine, 125 godina od njegova rođenja i četvrt stoljeća od tiskanja povjesnice. Na
temelju podacima obilne arhivske građe u varaždinskom i zagrebačkom arhivu,
upotpunjuje se slika o njezinom nastanku. Iz sačuvanih točaka sjednica gradske
vlasti, dopisa gradonačelnika i Prosvjetnog odbora, korespondencije između
gradske vlasti i Horvata iščitava se napor autora u provođenju opsežnog istraživanja
povijesti grada Varaždina i obradi građe za sastavljanje buduće povjesnice,
njegovoj viziji o njezinom sadržaju i ustrajnosti u isplati honorara koji je on
neprestano smatrao primjerenim za svoj gotovo tridesetogodišnji rad. Također
se iščitava napor njezinog naručitelja da primjerenu visinu honorara provjeri sa
znanstvenim i nakladničkim institucijama, te je ugovori u skladu s tadašnjim lošim
gospodarskim uvjetima. Naručitelj se o troškovima tiskanja buduće povjesnice
raspitavao kod različitih tiskara unaprijed im poslavši predloške tiskanih
historiografskih radova, pa tako i Horvatovog. U njezin nastanak uključivao je i
mjerodavne osobe – zastupnike i ne-zastupnike grada Varaždina koji će na temelju
svog stručnog iskustva i rada, putem triju višečlanih odbora donositi stručne
zaključke o predanom rukopisu. Horvat je na njemu radio nepunih trideset godina.
Zaključuje da je rukopis predao u dijelovima: u ožujku 1934., 1935., 1936.,
kolovozu 1938. i proljeće 1939. godine, izravno osobnim dolaskom u Varaždin
ili posredstvom gradonačelnika Novakovića ili dragog mu prijatelja. Zaključuje
se da je zamislio višedijelni sadržaj rukopisa: njegov I. dio, opća ili politička povijest
tiskana je 1993. godine, a tematski II. dio sa zasebnim poglavljima ostao je
neobjavljen; pod naslovom Dr. Rudolf Horvat: Kulturna povijest grada Varaždina,
skupa s objavljenim prvim djelom, čuva se u Gradskom muzeju Varaždin. Želeći
omogućiti Horvatu vrijeme za istraživanje i pisanje povjesnice, gradska vlast je
uz pomoć tadašnjeg hrvatskog bana Pavla Raucha, piscu ishodila premještaj u
tadašnji Zemaljski kraljevski arhiv u Zagrebu, kako bi tamo mogao istraživati
sačuvanu arhivsku građu, a novčanom isplatom pripomogla njegova arhivska
istraživanja u austrijskim i mađarskom arhivu i tisak studije Varaždin koncem 16.
vijeka. U zagrebačkom arhivu Horvat je imao mogućnosti i vremena istraživati građu ne samo o povijesti Varaždina, nego i o povijesti drugih hrvatskih gradova,
na temelju koje je također mogao raditi i na povjesnicama tih gradova.
U tom se pogledu ističe i skroman doprinos varaždinskih gradskih zastupnika
davne 1909. godine za hrvatsku historiografiju. U vezi s tim, s obzirom na to da je
Horvat na rukopisu radio nepunih trideset godina i da ga je u dijelovima predao
do 1939. godine, neminovno je uspoređivati rukopis i promatrati ga u kontekstu
historiografskih radova nastalih tijekom 1930-ih godina.
After the implementation of the new educational reform (informally known as the Thun reform) in Gimnazija Varaždin, according to its requirements the school started publishing their annual reports. ...They were issued for about one hundred years from 1852 to 1944, after the end of each school year. Their contents entailed the entire activity overview of Gimnazija Varaždin and the accomplishments of their teachers and students throughout the past year. Due to the value of the data they contain, they are an exceptional source for researching the history of the school, the past of the city of Varaždin and Croatian education in general. An additional value of the reports are professional and scientific papers that cover a variety of topics from language and literature, history, art, culture, pedagogy, and numerous disciplines in the field of natural sciences. Those were usually published at the beginning of the report by teaching staff of the school. The results of their research work often represented a significant contribution to the study of the past, culture, or natural features of the Varaždin region and even today represent a quality basis and starting point for contemporary research in these areas.
The wastewater treatment plant Varaždin upgrade project envisages the reconstruction of the rain overflow directly upstream of the plant. Physicochemical parameters of water quality (Biological ...Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, Suspended Solids) in sewage/drainage system and in the accumulation were analyzed. In accordance with expected values of concentrations in overflow and in the accumulation, an analysis of the water quality in the accumulation after mixing was performed with certain assumptions. The results show that the ecological condition of the accumulation generally remains unchanged, classified as good condition, except for Chemical oxygen demand which is a critical parameter. Paper refers to the frequency and duration of possible exceedances of the Chemical oxygen demand limits and gives critical analysis of the realistically expected impacts. A proposal for conducting more detailed analysis with a larger database and by modelling pollution discharge by a complex three-dimensional model is given.
Suvremeno društvo temelji se na intelektualnom kapitalu, a kreativnost je
ključna za konkurentnost, zbog čega se kulturnoj i kreativnoj industriji u budućnosti
predviđa brzi rast i uključuje ih se u ...razvojne strategije. Budući da regije, narodi i
gradovi imaju različite modele reprezentacije i mjerenja kulturne i kreativne industrije
zbog vlastitih specifičnosti, cilj ovog rada je usporedba mapiranja kulturnih i kreativnih
industrija. Analizom prethodnih studija u području kreativne i kulturne industrije unutar
gradova, ovaj rad identificira nekoliko različitih pristupa mapiranju industrije. Ova
studija također kategorizira europske zemlje na temelju analize najnovijeg izdanja
Monitora kulturnih i kreativnih gradova Europske komisije i na osnovi uključenosti u
klastere i mreže za podršku poduzetnicima u kulturnim i kreativnim industrijama. Kao
barokni grad s tradicijom kulturne i kreativne industrije grad Varaždin iz Hrvatske
odabran je za dublju analizu kreativnog i kulturnog potencijala.
Prior to the agricultural reform, the free and royal town of Varaždin owned 1.228 jutros of arable land. The agricultural reform divided 1.038 jutros, the army claimed 100 jutros for its needs, ...whereas only 90 jutros were left under the ownership of the Town. Previous to the agricultural reform, in the war year of 1917, money received from the lease of the land made up more than 5 percent of the town income. However, having entered the new state union and due to the introduction of the agricultural reform as well as new and higher taxes in 1923, the land lease revenue made up barely 0,2 percent of the town budget. A buyer could enter expropriated land of the Town of Varaždin into the land register only when reimbursement had been payed off, and he also had to build a house there within the next three years. Farmers obtained the land on a temporary one-year lease. Having taken everything into consideration, the agricultural reform failed to increase prosperity, on the contrary, it brought along direct financial losses for the Town of Varaždin. Namely, in March 1939, during a Municipal Council sitting members commented that the Town of Varaždin ceased to be the administration centre of the northern Croatia due to the loss of financial directive and county jurisdiction, whereas it also lost significant financial income due to the seizure of large amounts of land for the agricultural reform. For the purpose of illustration, it would be interesting to see where the properties owned by the Town of Varaždin were located; however, due to the large number of cadastral parcels, its drawing is beyond the scope of this paper.
Regarding the seniorate possession of the Stari grad, Rudolf II Habsburg gave it to count Toma Erdödy and his heirs who managed the property up to the first half of the 20th century. As opposed to the property belonging to the Town of Varaždin, in this case, the number of cadastral parcels is smaller and therefore it was be possible to make an illustration depicting the surface it occupied in the area of the Town of Varaždin. The seniorate possession belonging to the counts of Erdödy was smaller than the then Town of Varaždin and consisted of 1.091 jutros of land. After the agrarian reform had been conducted, 825 cadastral jutros remained. Moreover, the process caused conflicts within the Erdödy family and short time after they vanished from Varaždin.
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