Introduction. The objectives of this work were to highlight the evolutionary stages of the formation of the research views of Valentin Vasilyevich Sedov, a well-known scientist, historian and ...archaeologist who devoted himself to the study of the origin and formation of the ants.
Materials and methods. The relevance of the appeal to the topic is due to the special place occupied among the world civilizations, culture and traditions of the West and East.
Results. An interesting interweaving of the destinies of ethnic groups in the future that served as the basis for the formation of Russian civilization is presented in the works of V. V.Sedov. Argumentation of the results of his research activity allows him to trace not only the change of historical stages of its development, but also the transformation of scientific views on the process under study by the author himself. According to the data reflected in the scientist's recent works, rewritten and concretized several times, the traditions and culture of the nomadic peoples of Asia had a huge impact on the unique historical fate and development of the culture of the Russian people. Very complex interactions between ethnic groups have affected the versatility and interdisciplinarity of approaches to the study of the origin of the ancient Slavs. Historians, archaeologists, ethnographers, etc. have been studying this issue.
Conclusion. The greatest discussions are caused by the definition of the ancestral homeland of the Slavs, the Slavic community, archaeological cultural ties with Slavic tribes.V. V. Sedov made a significant contribution to the study of the beginning of Russia. Issues related to the history of ethnic culture, the archaeology of the Slavs occupied a central place in the scientific work of V. V. Sedov. In this article we will consider the evolution of V. Sedov's views on the origin and early history of the Ants, known in the sources as the union of Slavic tribes.
•Reference transcriptome of the halophyte AVF was proposed.•After statistical analysis of SSRs, SNPs, and InDels, moderate polymorphism was shown.•Potential candidate genes that contributed to salt ...tolerance were revealed by analyzing genetic diversity combined with gene expressions.
Apocyni Veneti Folium (AVF), the dried leaf of Apocynum venetum L., is a commonly used salt-tolerant Chinese medicinal herb. However, comprehensive research on the breeding of AVL varieties under salt stress has not been conducted. The purpose of this study was to identify AVF genetic variability and candidate genes conferring tolerance to salinity. Apocynum venetum L. was treated with four levels of salt stress (control, 100, 200, and 300 mM NaCl, respectively) and subjected to de novo-based RNA sequencing. Subsequently, MISA, Samtools, and Varscan programs were employed to analyze the characteristics of SSRs, SNPs, and InDels in the transcriptome sequences, respectively. The sequencing results showed that 7046 SSRs (in 54,276 unigenes) and a total of 409 repetitive motifs were found with a frequency of 12.98 %. The mainly repetitive types of SSRs were mononucleotide (49.09 %), dinucleotide (23.91 %), and trinucleotide (14.53 %); a total of 4912 SSRs with a motif length of 12–20 bp accounted for 69.17 %, indicating moderate polymorphism. At the same time, a total of 77,474 SNPs were detected, with the main type being transition (62.46 %); 114,651 InDels in 7656 unigenes were found, with a frequency of 2.03 per kb, and one locus was the most prevalent. The potential candidate genes that contributed to salt tolerance, such as c29028_g1_i1 encoding glycosyltransferase, were screened by analyzing genetic diversity combined with gene expressions. Transcriptome sequencing of AVF provides a reference for its molecular-assisted breeding to the quality identification and genetic diversity analysis.
Molecular phylogenies in the past decade have demonstrated that the described diversity of Cortinarius is still underestimated, especially outside continental and boreal ecoregions where the genus ...has been historically investigated. We tackled this issue by revisiting the so far unresolved subgenus Leprocybe, and focused on the largely unexplored Mediterranean hotspot of biodiversity. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 161 vouchered collections from Austria, Cyprus, France, Germany, Italy and Spain, including 16 types, allowed for the delineation of 11 species in this lineage, three of them recognised as new to science and formally introduced as C. jimenezianus, C. selinolens and C. viridans spp. nov., respectively. Interestingly, the newly described species exhibit a strict Mediterranean distribution, and one of them is putatively endemic to the island of Cyprus, highlighting the remarkable potential of this neglected ecoregion to uncover further undescribed diversity of Cortinarius in the future. The present work also unveils 23 synonymies in this subgenus, as well as previously undetected crypticism within C. venetus. Next Generation Sequencing carried out on three old and contaminated holotypes, successfully decrypts their phylogenetic identity, including that of C. leproleptopus, finally settling the long-standing controversy over the taxonomic status of this species. A brief overview of each species in the subgenus is lastly provided and a key is proposed to facilitate the identification of presently known European taxa of Leprocybe in the field.
•The first attempt to employ proteomics to elucidate salt tolerance mechanism of Apocyni Veneti Folium.•Key salt-responsive proteins, such as dehydrin 1, annexin, PRH, POP, POD, CAD, 4CL3, CYP were ...identified.•Carbohydrate and energy metabolism, primary and secondary metabolites and signal transduction contribute to salt tolerance.•Novel information for halophyte quality formation was provided.
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that limits plant growth and productivity. Understanding the mechanisms of plant salinity tolerance can facilitate engineering for quality improvement. Apocynum venetum L. exhibits tolerance to salinity. Due to the lack of a genomic database, RNA-seq based transcriptomics and isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) based proteomic profiles of Apocyni Veneti Folium (leaves of Apocynum venetum L.) exposure to four levels of salt treatments (0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl, respectively) were performed. A total of 143, 162 and 167 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found between salt-treated Apocyni Veneti Folium compared with control, respectively. They were mainly involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, biosynthesis of metabolites and signal transduction. Furthermore, results showed that carbon and nitrogen metabolisms were altered under salt stress; low and moderate levels of salt stress enhanced photosynthetic functions and ramped up carbohydrate metabolism. However, severe salt stress depressed biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, consistent with the metabolomics results. It is worth emphasizing that some key salt-responsive proteins, such as dehydrin 1, annexin, pathogenesis-related protein, prolyl oligopeptidase, peroxidase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA ligase 3, cytochrome P450 CYP73A120, were screened. These novel proteins provide a good starting point for further research into their functions using genetic or other approaches. In addition, a weak correlation between the abundance of DEPs and the corresponding differentially expressed genes highlighted the effect of post-transcriptional modifications and the importance of employing proteomics and transcriptomics to analyze global protein level changes. In conclusion, the protein profiles indicate that halophyte uses a multipronged approach to overcome salt stress, and provides some novel information on revealing the mechanisms of adaption and quality formation.
Apocyni Veneti Folium (AVF), a popular traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is known for its effects in soothing the liver and nerves and eliminating heat and water. It is relevant from an ...ethnopharmacological perspective. Pharmacological research has confirmed its benefits on antihypertension, antihyperlipidemia, antidepression, liver protection, immune system boosting, antiaging, and diabetic vascular lesions. Previous studies have shown that flavonoids, the active ingredients, have a hepatoprotective effect. However, the exact mechanism has not been clarified.
This study aimed to identify the active flavonoids in AVF and their corresponding targets for liver injury. Multiple methods were introduced to confirm the targets.
AVF compounds were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Then, network pharmacology was utilized to screen potential hepatoprotection targets of the compounds. An enzyme activity assay was performed to determine the effect of the compounds on the targets. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) was applied to confirm the direct interaction between the compounds and the targets.
A total of 71 compounds were identified by LC–MS and 19 compounds and 112 shared targets were screened using network pharmacology. These common targets were primarily involved in the TNF signaling pathway, cancer pathways, hepatitis B, drug responses, and negative regulation of the apoptotic process. Flavonoids were the primary pharmacological substance basis of AVF. The cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) protein was one of the direct targets of flavonoids in AVF. The enzyme activity assay and BLI-based intermolecular interactions demonstrated that the compounds astragalin, isoquercitrin, and hyperoside exhibited stronger inhibition of enzyme activity and a higher affinity with COX2 compared to epigallocatechin, quercetin, and catechin.
COX2 was preliminarily identified as a target of flavonoids, and the mechanism of the hepatoprotective effect of AVF might be linked to flavonoids inhibiting the activity of COX2. The findings can establish the foundation for future research on the traditional hepatoprotective effect of AVF on the liver and for clinical studies on liver disorders.
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•A total of 71 compounds in AVF were identified using LC–MS.•Nineteen compounds and 112 shared targets were screened using network pharmacology.•One possible target of flavonoids was the COX2 protein.•Flavonoid glycosides exhibited a higher affinity and stronger inhibitory effect on COX2 than flavonoid aglycones in AVF.
Apocyni Veneti Folium (AVF) has been raised great interest in the antioxidant properties recently for the preservation of human health. However, little research was found on the integrate metabolites ...except our previous investigation on the variations of the bioactive constituents. To understand the salt-tolerant mechanisms of the halophyte, metabolomic platform based on ultra-fast liquid chromatography tandem triple time-of-flight mass/mass spectrometer was applied in this study. The results showed that metabolic profiles were separated and differentiated among groups based on multivariate statistical analysis; different metabolites belonged to various chemical classes. Besides, phenylpropanoid pathway and terpenoid biosynthesis were disturbed in all salt-stressed AVF and low salt-treated group appeared to be better than other samples in terms of relative contents (peak areas) of the wide variety of bioactive components and physiological variations of photosynthetic pigments, osmotic homeostasis, lipid peroxidation product and antioxidative enzymes. This study may provide additional insight into the salt-tolerant mechanisms and the quality assessment of AVF in a holistic level based on the plant metabolomics.
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•Metabolomics platform was developed for studying the salt-tolerant mechanisms and quality assessment of the halophyte.•UFLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS analysis combined with multivariate statistical analysis was used to separate and differentiate AVF.•Significant metabolites responsible for discrimination were identified.•Global visualization of pathway changes and proposed flavonoid biosynthesis were performed.
Apocyni Veneti Folium (AVF) is a salt-tolerant medicinal halophyte and soil salinity is a main stress affecting its quality. Molecular bases involved in quality evaluation and ecological adaptations ...to abiotic constraints can be explored using omics tools. In the study, AVF was treated with four levels of salt stress (control, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl, respectively) and subjected to de novo-based RNA-sequencing. We constructed GO and KEGG analysis on the obtained DEGs. After molecular phylogenetic analysis, we isolated and characterized one representative and up-regulated candidate gene
AvUGT
(
Tr_AVENL_25169
) encoding UDP-glucosyltransferase under salt stress. Results showed that the obtained clean reads were assembled into a total of 54,276 high-quality unigenes. Notably, specific genes related to flavonoid glucoside biosynthesis and salt-tolerant regulation, such as genes encoding transcription factors, transporters, glucosyltransferase, heat shock protein and plant hormone signal transduction-related protein, preferentially up-regulated by low level of salt. Combined with previous metabonomic analysis, the results revealed key genes that contribute to elucidate the reduced salt toxicity in AVF. Furthermore, the transcript profiles of
UGT
genes were consistent with the accumulation of flavonoid glycosides in AVF; the candidate gene
AvUGT
probably plays a critical role in biosynthesis of flavonoid glucosides in response to salt environment. These results provided a basis for future research on the regulatory mechanism of salt stress of medicinal halophyte AVF.
As one of the major abiotic stresses, salinity stress may affect the physiology and biochemical components of
L. To systematically evaluate the quality of Apocyni Veneti Folium (AVF) from the ...perspective of physiological and the wide variety of bioactive components response to various concentrations of salt stress, this experiment was arranged on the basis of ultra-fast liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS) technology and multivariate statistical analysis. Physiological characteristics of photosynthetic pigments, osmotic homeostasis, lipid peroxidation product, and antioxidative enzymes were introduced to investigate the salt tolerance mechanism of AVF under salinity treatments of four concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 300 mM NaCl, respectively). Furthermore, a total of 43 bioactive constituents, including 14 amino acids, nine nucleosides, six organic acids, and 14 flavonoids were quantified in AVF under salt stress. In addition, multivariate statistical analysis, including hierarchical clustering analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and gray relational analysis (GRA) was employed to systematically cluster, distinguish, and evaluate the samples, respectively. Compared with the control, the results demonstrated that 200 mM and 100 mM salt stress contributed to maintain high quality of photosynthesis, osmotic balance, antioxidant enzyme activity, and the accumulation of metabolites, except for total organic acids, and the quality of AVF obtained by these two groups was better than others; however, under severe stress, the accumulation of the oxidative damage and the reduction of metabolite caused by inefficiently scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) lead to lower quality. In summary, the proposed method may provide integrated information for the quality evaluation of AVF and other salt-tolerant Chinese medicines.
There are two main hypotheses about the localization of the Indo-European homeland. The first connects the spread of the Indo-Europeans with the migrations of the kurgan cultures of the Ponto-Caspian ...steppes, primarily the Yamnaya. Therefore, the hypothesis was called “kurgan”. The second hypothesis assumes the localization of the Indo-European homeland in the Near East. According to the Kurgan hypothesis, the Yamnaya migration at the beginning of the EBA led to the formation of Corded Ware cultures from the Rhine to the Volga, which caused the spread and formation of modern European dialects. In fact, there are no grounds for assuming the formation of Corded Ware cultures on the Yamnaya basis. They were formed partly on the basis of European Neolithic cultures, partly on the basis of impulses from the steppe zone in the pre-Yamnaya time. There is also no reason to assume that it was this process that led to the formation of the Celto-Italic and Balto-Slavic-Germanic languages. It is more likely that bearers of these cultures spoke Proto-Venetic and Proto-Illyrian languages.
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