Objective
To investigate the effect of vitamin K1 on the healing process of osteoporotic fracture and its mechanism by measuring interleukin‐ 6(IL‐6), bone gla protein (BGP) and alkaline phosphatase ...(ALP) in animal serum.
Methods
64 Sprague‐Dawley male aged osteoporosis rats (body weight 560±20g, age 20 months) were enrolled. The left femoral fracture model was made in rats and intramedullary fixation was performed with a 1.5mm diameter Kirschner wire. They were randomly divided into two groups: vitamin K1 injection group (32 rats) and control group (32 rats). The vitamin K1 group was intraperitoneally injected with vitamin K115mg/kg/3d after surgery, and the control group was intraperitoneally injected with 0.9% sodium chloride injection of the same volume for 8w. At 2w, 4w, 8w and 12w after fracture, 8 rats in the vitamin K1 injection group and 8 rats in the control group were randomly selected, and venous blood was collected. The levels of IL‐6 and BGP in serum were detected by radioimmunology. The contents of calcium, phosphorus and ALP in serum were determined by spectrophotometry. Bone callus was taken for hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) staining. Bone mineral density (BMD) of bone callus and right femur were measured at 2w, 4w, 8w and 12w. Radiological observation (X‐ray) was performed at 12W.
Results
The serum IL‐6 of vitamin K1 injection group was lower than that of control group at each time point, but the serum BGP, ALP, calcium and phosphorus product and BMD were higher than that of control group (P<0.05). The results of HE staining showed that chondrogenesis and endochondral osteogenesis were earlier in the vitamin K1 group than in the control group. X‐ray films showed that the fracture line of vitamin K1 group was blurred 12 days after surgery, the bone callus connected the broken end, and the medullary cavity was recanalized. In the control group, the fracture line was still relatively clear 12 weeks after operation, and the callus connection at the broken end was not close.
Conclusion
Vitamin K1 can reduce the serum IL‐6 content, increase the BGP, ALP content and the product of calcium and phosphorus, and then promote the healing of osteoporotic fracture in aged rats. Vitamin K1 can promote fracture healing, accelerated cartilage osteogenesis, accelerated mineralization, bone callus and whole body bone density increase.
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Nanocarriers have been extensively applied for intravascular drug delivery. However, rapid clearance from circulation by mononuclear phagocyte system has limited their applications. ...Erythrocytes carriers are potential solutions to overcome the limitations of nanocarriers and considered to be ideal natural carriers for drug delivery because of their unique properties. The purpose of this work is to combine nanocarriers with erythrocytes carriers for sustained release and prolonged circulation time of vitamin K1. Chitosan nanoparticles loading VK1 (VK-CSNPs) were prepared using ionotropic gelation method, which was optimized using box-behnken design and response surface methodology. VK-CSNPs adsorbed onto red blood cells (RBC-VK-CSNPs) rapidly via electrostatic interactions. The exposure of phosphatidylserine, osmotic fragility and turbulence fragility of RBC loading nanoparticles were investigated to study the toxicity of nanoparticles to erythrocytes. In vivo pharmacokinetic study indicated that Cmax, AUC and MRT of RBC-VK-CSNPs group were remarkably higher than that of VK-CSNPs group. Flow cytometry showed VK-CSNPs steadily retained on the surface of RBC for a long time without affecting the circulation profiles of RBC themselves. The nanoparticles carried on RBC released drug, desorbed and were eliminated in vivo. Therefore, the circulation time of RBC-hitchhiking chitosan nanoparticles was greatly prolonged compared with nanoparticles alone. RBC-hitchhiking could be a valuable hybrid strategy for prolonging the in vivo life of nanocarriers.
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Due to the vitamin K1 sensitizing potential, the oxidized-isoform of vitamin K1 (vitamin K1 oxide, VKO), has been recently used for treating laser-induced purpura and ...hyperpigmentation in cosmetics. The objective of this study was to formulate VKO in nanoliposomes by using Box–Behnken experimental design to obtain an optimized formula with higher efficiency. The ratio of phospholipid to cholesterol (PC/CHO ratio), VKO concentration and sonication time in low, medium, and high levels were independent variables, while the percent of VKO entrapment efficiency (EE%) and vesicle size were selected as dependent variables. Optimum desirability was identified and an optimized formulation was prepared, characterized, and selected for in vitro VKO release and ex vivo skin permeation. The PC/CHO ratio showed the greatest effect on both responses (P < 0.0001). This effect was positive on EE%, while a negative effect was shown on vesicle size. The optimized formulation showed controlled drug release of 79.2% through a silicon membrane, and achieved flux of 327.36 ± 22.1 μg/cm2 through human skin after 24 h. So, nanoliposomes were proven as a suitable drug delivery system for topical delivery of VKO.
Vitamin K is an essential bioactive compound required for optimal body function. Vitamin K can be present in various isoforms, distinguishable by two main structures, namely, phylloquinone (K1) and ...menaquinones (K2). The difference in structure between K1 and K2 is seen in different absorption rates, tissue distribution, and bioavailability. Although differing in structure, both act as cofactor for the enzyme gamma-glutamylcarboxylase, encompassing both hepatic and extrahepatic activity. Only carboxylated proteins are active and promote a health profile like hemostasis. Furthermore, vitamin K2 in the form of MK-7 has been shown to be a bioactive compound in regulating osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, cancer and inflammatory diseases without risk of negative side effects or overdosing. This review is the first to highlight differences between isoforms vitamin K1 and K2 by means of source, function, and extrahepatic activity.
•A fish nutrient database ‘NutriFishIn’ has been developed.•Importance of food data generated on public health nutrition has been highlighted.•Nutrismart species for community nutrition programs have ...been identified.•SIFs for aquaculture to combact the micronutrient deficiency have been identified.•Food data generated would help in reframing dietary guidelines.
Fish is a healthy food, rich in quality animal proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids especially the (ω)-3 eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and micronutrients. In addition, fish are more available and affordable than other sources of animal proteins in tropical countries. Aquaculture, which is one of the fastest growing food production sectors, could play a big role in eradicating hunger, malnutrition and nutrient-deprivation globally. However, nutritional information on fish is necessary for utilization of fish in achieving nutritional security and will be helpful in prioritizing species for aquaculture. In this context, we have studied the detailed nutritional composition of selected fishes from India and developed a database (http://www.cifri.res.in/nutrifishin/index.php) with the food data generated. This review explore the implications of such nutritional information in consumer guidance, dietary counselling, food-policy planning and prioritization of species for aquaculture to fight hunger, malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency; ultimately contributing to food and nutritional security.
There is no previous study in the literature that has examined the relationship between circulating vitamin K1 (VK1) with glycemic status in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Moreover, scientific explanation ...for the beneficial role of VK1 supplementation in lowering glycemia in diabetes is yet to be determined. This study for the first time demonstrated that circulating VK1 was significantly lower in T2D patients compared to age-matched control subjects, and VK1 levels in T2D were significantly and inversely associated with fasting glucose and insulin resistance homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), which suggest that boosting plasma VK1 may reduce the fasting glucose and insulin resistance in T2D patients. Using high-fat-diet-fed T2D animal model, this study further investigated the positive effect of VK1 supplementation on glucose metabolism and examined the underlying molecular mechanism. Results showed that VK1 supplementation 1, 3, 5 μg/kg body weight (BW), 8 weeks dose dependently improved the glucose tolerance; decreased BW gain, fasting glucose and insulin, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR and cytokine secretion (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6); and regulated the signaling pathway of hepatic glucose metabolism sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/phosphatase and tensin homolog/glucose transporter 2/glucokinase/glucose 6 phosphatase, lipid oxidation (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A) and inflammation (nuclear factor kappa B) in T2D mice. Comparative signal silencing studies also depicted the role of SIRT1/AMPK in mediating the effect of VK1 on glucose metabolism, lipid oxidation and inflammation in high-glucose-treated cultured hepatocytes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that circulating VK1 has a positive effect on lowering fasting glucose and insulin resistance in T2D via regulating SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway.
Vitamin K may play a potential role in bone metabolism, although further evidence is needed. The mechanisms behind its skeletal effects and optimum intake for maintaining bone health remain poorly ...defined. To elucidate these two issues, we investigated the association between circulating vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) concentrations with fracture risk, bone mineral density (BMD), hip geometry and plasma dephospho-uncarboxylated-Matrix Gla Protein (dp-ucMGP), an extra-hepatic vitamin K dependent protein (VKDP), in post-menopausal osteoporosis (PMO).
We studied 374 women aged (mean SD) 68.712.3 years with PMO. Information including demographics, lifestyle habits and previous fractures was captured through a questionnaire. Serum was analysed for vitamin K1. BMD at the lumbar spine (LS), total hip (TH) and femoral neck (FN) (n = 277) and hip structural analysis (HSA) parameters (n = 263) were derived from DXA scans. VKDPs including undercarboxylated prothrombin (PIVKA-II) and dp-ucMGP were measured in a sub-group (n = 130).
Serum vitamin K1 was significantly lower in the group with fractures (prevalent fractures: 0.53 0.41, no fractures; 0.65 0.66 μg/L, p = 0.04) and independently associated with fracture risk. The adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) per μg/L increase in vitamin K1 was 0.550 (0.310–0.978, p = 0.042). Among the HSA parameters, serum vitamin K1 was positively associated with cross-sectional area (CSA) (p = 0.02), cross sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) (p = 0.028) and section modulus (Z) (p = 0.02) at the narrow neck (NN) of femur. Dp-ucMGP was detectable in 97 (75%) participants with serum vitamin K1 of 0.26 0.15 μg/L, whilst PIVKA-II was above the clinical threshold in only 3.8%.
Our data suggest that the positive effect of vitamin K on fracture risk may be related to its effects on bone strength. Higher concentrations of serum vitamin K1 may be required for vitamin K's skeletal effects compared to coagulation. Further prospective or interventional studies are needed for confirmation and should include measures of bone quality.
•Vitamin K is needed for the carboxylation of proteins involved in bone metabolism.•Fracture risk is reduced by 45% per μg/L increase in serum vitamin K1.•Vitamin K may reduce fracture risk by improving parameters of bone strength.•Higher serum vitamin K1 is needed for the function of some bone-specific proteins.•Higher serum vitamin K1 concentration may be required to maintain bone health.
Abstract Vitamin K is a liposoluble vitamin. The predominant dietary form, phylloquinone or vitamin K1, is found in plants and green vegetables; whereas menaquinone, or vitamin K2, is endogenously ...synthesized by intestinal bacteria and includes several subtypes that differ in side chain length. Aside from its established role in blood clotting, several studies now support a critical function of vitamin K in improving bone health. Vitamin K is in fact required for osteocalcin carboxylation that in turn regulates bone mineral accretion; it seems to promote the transition of osteoblasts to osteocytes and also limits the process of osteoclastogenesis. Several observational and interventional studies have examined the relationship between vitamin K and bone metabolism, but findings are conflicting and unclear. This systematic review aims to investigate the impact of vitamin K (plasma levels, dietary intake, and oral supplementation) on bone health with a particular interest in bone remodeling, mineral density and fragility fractures.
The primary objective of this review is to propose an approach for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K
1
) based upon its known sources, its role in photosynthesis and its biosynthetic ...pathway. The chemistry, health benefits, market, and industrial production of vitamin K are also summarized. Vitamin K compounds (K vitamers) are required for the normal function of at least 15 proteins involved in diverse physiological processes such as coagulation, tissue mineralization, inflammation, and neuroprotection. Vitamin K is essential for the prevention of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB), especially in neonates. Increased vitamin K intake may also reduce the severity and/or risk of bone fracture, arterial calcification, inflammatory diseases, and cognitive decline. Consumers are increasingly favoring natural food and therapeutic products. However, the bulk of vitamin K products employed for both human and animal use are chemically synthesized. Biosynthesis of the menaquinones (vitamin K
2
) has been extensively researched. However, published research on the biotechnological production of phylloquinone is restricted to a handful of available articles and patents. We have found that microalgae are more suitable than plant cell cultures for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone. Many algae are richer in vitamin K
1
than terrestrial plants, and algal cells are easier to manipulate. Vitamin K
1
can be efficiently recovered from the biomass using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Vitamin K1 is one of the important hydrophobic vitamins in fat-containing foods. Traditionally, lipase is employed in the determination of vitamin K1 to remove the lipids, which makes the detection ...complex, time-consuming, and insensitive. In this study, the determination of vitamin K1 in fat-containing foods was developed based on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The optimal conditions for extraction of vitamin K1 were material–liquid ratio of 1:70 (g/mL), extraction temperature of 50 °C, extraction power of 700 W, extraction time of 50 min, material-wash fluid ratio of 1:60 (g/mL), and 8 mL of hexane/anhydrous ether (97:3, v/v) as the elution solvent. Then, vitamin K1 was analyzed on a ZORBAX SB-C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) by gradient elution with water (0.01% formic acid) and methanol (0.01 formic acid + 2.5 mmol/L ammonium formate) as the mobile phase. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.05 and 0.16 μg/kg, respectively. Calibration curve was linear over the range of 10–500 ng/mL (R2 > 0.9988). The recoveries at three spiked levels were between 80.9% and 119.1%. The validation and application indicated that the proposed method was simple and sensitive in determination of vitamin K1 in fat-containing foods.
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