Vojislav (Vuk) Bakić was born in Kordun, in the village of Perna in 1847. At that time his place of birth was in the space never precisely defined by a consistent border between Kordun and Banija as ...a part of Vojna Krajina which was then and a few decades later still under the direct jurisdiction of Vienna. That is how he had an early opportunity to learn German language. That fact together with his natural talents and other opportunities gave him a chance to improve his studies in Leipzig and Heidelberg. He received his PhD in Leipzig. Apart from professional literature in German, Bakić regularly used literature in French, English and Italian language. He also spoke Latin and Czech. He followed closely development of education in Serbia, surrounding countries and Europe in general. His pedagogical work took place in times when pedagogy and psychology were separating from philosophy. In that time, system of education was established as a part of modern social system. That is why the work of Vojislav Bakić must be regarded in the context of history of pedagogical science in Serbia, and at a lower level as an impact on the development of pedagogy as a science in Serbia in those times. He is an extraordinarily prolific writer of valuable pedagogical works. He was considered a pioneer in a number of pedagogical disciplines within the pedagogical science. He advocated for the high education of secondary school teachers in Serbia. He turned pedagogy into a university discipline. He organized studies of pedagogy in Serbia at the European level at the time.
Rad donosi popise isplata vojsci u Hrvatskoj i Slavonskoj krajini u listopadu i studenome 1556. godine, transkript izvora te tablicu koja sistematizira u njima navedene podatke. Popraćen je i kratkom ...uvodnom studijom. U njoj su navedene osnovne informacije o projektu, ishodišnom dokumentu i postojećoj literaturi o temi rane vojnokrajiške povijesti. Studija također donosi kratku analizu struktura vlasti, etničke slike i društvene mobilnosti na Krajini te brojnosti, prostornog razmještaja i opskrbljenosti krajiških utvrda 1556. godine.
Ovaj članak bavi se razmatranjem saborskih izbora na području grada Senja i njegovim upravnim statusom uoči razvojačenja Vojne krajine. U obzir su uzete i bitne odrednice koje su javljaju neposredno ...nakon tzv. provincijaliziranja, kad je Senj ponovo stekao civilnu upravu u sklopu Banske Hrvatske. Autor ukazuje na izvore nezadovoljstva Senjana njihovim položajem u sastavu Vojne krajine i na njihove težnje da s obnovom ustavnosti u Monarhiji povrate svoju gradsku autonomiju u građanskome dijelu Hrvatske. Težnja za razvojačanjem došla je do izražaja u saborskim raspravama na kojima su se jednoglasno razni zastupnici zalagali za interese grada Senja i njegovih građana, smatrajući da je glavni način za poticanje privrednih djelatnosti u odbacivanju utjecaja vojne uprave.
Vladavine Marije Terezije obilježena je brojnim reformama i iskoracima koji će se osjetiti u narednim stoljećima. Kao i Bjelovar, Sanitarni kordon će nakon njezina dolaska na vlast 1740. biti jasnije ...formiran mnogim reformama od koje se najviše ističe ona iz Općeg zdravstvenog pravilnika 1770. godine. Bjelovar je nastao kao jedan od odgovora na reorganizaciju Vojne krajine, a početak osnivanja Sanitarnoga kordona vezan je uza sve češće pojave kuge na habsburškome prostoru koje je trebao spriječiti. Za razliku od Bjelovara, Sanitarni kordon će prestati postojati razvojačenjem Vojne krajine, no njegovo postojanje i razvoj je, kao i ono Bjelovara, bilo jedno do simbola reorganizacije Vojne krajine i cijeloga 18. stoljeća.
Until the middle of the 18th century, little was known about education in Croatia, especially in the Military Frontier. Before that time, the existing schools were in the hands of the Church or the ...Croatian nobility. A small number of students attended such schools, and this was only if they were preparing to become priests or for some occupations of interest to the ruling classes of society. A turning point in the development of education in the Austrian Empire in general, including that in Croatia, was the Felbiger Reform (1774), after which school buildings began to be built, schools were opened, teachers were adequately educated, new school textbooks were written and a more favourable status for teachers was created. Also included in all these educational innovations was that part of Croatia that we historically call the Military Frontier, although after a slight lag. In the beginning, there were difficulties, a lack of knowledge and the non-acceptance of any proposals about children going to school, however, with the inclusion of prominent better-educated individuals of the Orthodox faith, school conditions gradually changed in the Military Frontier as well. The first written Law for small Serbian schools was also adopted, which, with minor modifications and a certain resistance, was eventually accepted to some extent in all parts of the Military Frontier.
U članku je problematiziran
Osnovni krajiški zakon
iz 1807. koji je Franjo I. (1792. – 1835.) proglasio za područje Hrvatsko-slavonske i Banatske vojne krajine. Analiziran je sadržaj zakona ...raspoređen u sedam poglavlja i 155 zakonskih članaka te izvorno objavljen na njemačkom i preveden već iduće godine na hrvatski i slavenosrpski jezik. Zakon je donesen u specifičnim povijesnim okolnostima koalicijskih ratova i u duhu reformi dvorskoga kruga oko vladara Franje I. Njegov sadržaj rezultat je višegodišnjega rada nekoliko dvorskih povjerenstava, pri čemu se osobito nastojalo steći uvid u konkretne probleme sustava kao i vojnokrajišku svakodnevicu da bi novim zakonom ponudila trajnija rješenja koja bi obuhvatila interese države, ali i krajiškoga puka. Zbog potrebe očuvanja vojnokrajiškoga sustava ta su rješenja ipak morala biti ograničena.
The Basic Law of the Military Frontier
is one of the most important legal acts issued for the Croatian-Slavonic and Banat Military Frontiers. First published in 1807 in German, it was translated the following year into Croatian, specifically the Slavonian Štokavian-Ikavian literary idiom, and to the Slavic-Serbian language. The law is not only trilingual, but also written in three scripts: German printed script, Latin, and Cyrillic. Unlike the preceding comprehensive legal acts like the Statuta Valachorum from 1630 or the Militar Gränitz Rechten from 1754, the
Basic Law of the Military Frontier
did not exclusively represent state intervention “from above” through legal regulations, but also incorporated customary law derived from the life of the frontiersmen, aligning with the contemporary understanding of the “spirit of the people.” Its third chapter, “Von der Haus-Communion,” is particularly notable, as it regulated the house cooperative (extended family) based on the idea of collective ownership, limited in accordance with the concept of military serfdom, labour, and consumption – which was a fundamentally different approach from half a century earlier. The law comprises the following parts: Einleitung, Erstes Hauptstück Von dem Rechte auf unbewegliche Güter, Zweytes Hauptstück Von dem Rechte der Gränzer, sich auf Gewerbe, Handel und Wissenschaften zu verlegen, Drittes Hauptstück Von der Haus-Communion, Viertes Hauptstück Von der militärischen Widmung der Gränzer, Fünftes Hauptstück Von der Gränz-Aerarial- und Gemeinde-Arbeit, Sechstes Hauptstück Von der Grundsteuer, and Siebentes Hauptstück Von der Industrie- und Schutzsteuer, encompassing a total of 155 legal articles. Under Emperor Francis I, the state committed numerous officers and officials at all levels of command hierarchy to craft the law over several years through the work of multiple commissions. The objective was to create a legal framework aligned with the specific political context and local socioeconomic environment, reflecting “the spirit of the people” as articulated in the law. The legal text aimed to achieve two goals: to provide a legal definition of private property in accordance with the particularities of the Military Frontier, as was the case in the neighbouring and rival Napoleonic France as well as the Inner Austrian lands, where the General Civil Code of the Military Frontier dynamized the socio-economic relations; and to preserve the region’s territory and organization for purely financial reasons. Despite these ambitious goals, the relatively modest outcome of this courtly legal project paradoxically contributed to the impoverishment and economic decline of this region in the 19th century.
Temelji moderne šumarske znanosti i struke u Hrvatskoj (preporodno razdoblje) postavljeni su tijekom 19. stoljeća. U relativno kratkom vremenu tijekom druge polovine 19. stoljeća osnovano je ...Hrvatsko-slavonsko šumarsko društvo (1846), pokrenut je Šumarski list (1877), osnovano Gospodarsko-šumarskog učilišta u Križevcima (1860), usvojen Zakon o šumama za cijelu Austro-Ugarsku Monarhiju (1852), proveden „Zakon o imovnih općina u hrvatskoj i slavonskoj vojnoj Krajini“ (1873) i započela je s radom Šumarska akademija na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu (1898). Razdoblje je obilježeno i pojavom većeg broja stručno obrazovanih šumarskih stručnjaka koji su višu i visoku šumarsku naobrazbu stjecali u šumarskim učilištima u Hrvatskoj (Križevci) ili drugim europskim centrima. Među njima posebno se ističe Antun (Ante) Tomić rođen 1803. godine u Vinkovcima čije je djelovanje obilježilo sve nabrojane događaje u 19. stoljeću, a važne za hrvatsko šumarstvo. Iako se o djelovanju Antuna Tomića već pisalo i ranije (npr. Nenadić, Kerstenčanek, Piškorić i drugi) 220 godišnjica njegova rođenja dobar je povod za osvježiti sjećanje na Tomićev doprinos šumarskoj struci i hrvatskoj domovini. Prema tome cilj u ovom radu je prikazati Tomićevo djelovanje u kontekstu suvremenih izazova šumarske znanosti i struke. Antun Tomić završio je trogodišnje obrazovanje u Mariabrunnskom (Beč) šumarskom učilištu te je nakon vježbeništva obavljao odgovorne funkcije carsko-kraljevskog nadšumara u nizu pukovnija Vojne krajine. Paralelno se bavio znanstvenim radom te je iznio niz promišljanja o normalnoj drvnoj zalihi, razvoju šuma, modela uređivanja šuma i osiguranju potrajnosti šuma. Autor je organizacijskih reformi u šumarstvu Vojne krajine („Naputku za izlučenje imovno-obćinskih šuma u Krajini“ iz 1871. godine), osnivač i prvi predsjednik Hrvatskog šumarskog društva te vrstan šumarski stručnjak i znanstvenik koji svoje opsežno radno iskustvo pretače u primjenjive znanstvene radove iz gotovo svih područja šumarstva. Poveznica u svim radovima je očuvanje šuma te uspostava normaliteta i kroz normalitet potrajnost gospodarenja. Pri tome istančan Tomićev osjećaj za prirodnost očituje se u traženju preciznije prostorne stratifikacije šuma, preciznijeg utvrđivanja prirasta šume, fleksibilnijeg definiranja etata, većeg ulaganja u zaštitu i njegu šuma (posebno na narušenom (npr. krškom) staništu, a sve u cilju osiguranja potrajnosti gospodarenja šumama. Tomić sve nabrojane postavke uokviruje u svoju racionalnu metodu uređivanja šuma, tada vrlo naprednu kombiniranu metodu koja uvažava stvarno stanje i mogućnosti šuma. Pogledi Antuna Tomića na šumarstvo u temeljima su suvremene hrvatske šumarske struke, a težnja za uspostavom prostorno-vremenskog i strukturnog normaliteta šuma, time i potrajnost gospodarenja njima, trajan su izazov i cilj.
The foundations of modern forest science and practice in Croatia (revival period) were laid during the 19th century. In a relatively short time during the second half of the 19th century, the Croatian-Slavonic Forestry Society was founded (1846), the Forestry Journal was launched (1877), the Economic Forestry School in Križevci was established (1860), the Forestry Act was adopted for the whole Austro- Hungarian Monarchy (1852), the "Act on Property Municipalities in the Croatian and Slavonic Military Krajina" was implemented (1873) and the work of the Forestry Academy at the University of Zagreb began (1898). The period was also marked by the appearance of many professionally educated forestry experts who received higher education in forestry schools in Croatia (Križevci) or other European centres. Among others, Antun (Ante) Tomić, born in 1803 in Vinkovci, played an outstanding role. His activities marked all the listed events, important for Croatian forestry in the 19th century. Although about Ante Tomić's work it has been written before (e.g. Nenadić, Kerstenčanek, Piškorić and others), the 220th anniversary of his birth is a good incentive to refresh the memory of Tomić's contribution to the forestry profession and to the Croatian homeland. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to present Tomić's activities in the context of contemporary challenges of forestry science and profession. Antun Tomić completed a three-year education at the Mariabrunn (Vienna) Forestry College in 1824, and after his internship, he held the responsible functions as the Imperial-Royal Chief Forester in a number of regiments of the Military Frontier. At the same time, he engaged in scientific work and presented a series of reflections on normal growing stock, forest development, forest management models and ensuring the sustainability of forests. He is the author of the organizational reforms in the forestry of the Military Frontier ("Instructions for the demarcation of estate-community forests in the Krajina" from 1871), the founder and the first president of the Croatian Forestry Society, and an excellent forestry scientist who translated his extensive work experience into applicable scientific works from almost all forestry disciplines. The common feature in all his works is the forests conservation and the establishment of normality, and through normality reaching sustainable management. At the same time, Tomić's keen sense for close-to-nature forestry is manifested in the search for a more precise spatial stratification of forests, more precise forest growth measurement, more flexible definition of allowed harvest volume, greater investment in the conservation and care of forests (especially in disturbed (e.g. karst) habitats). All those ideas, aimed at ensuring the sustainable management of Croatian forests, Tomić framed in his rational method of forest management, which was a very advanced combined method that takes the actual condition and possibilities of forests into account. Antun Tomić's views on forestry are the foundations of the modern Croatian forestry profession, and the aspiration to establish the spatiotemporal and structural normality of forests. Therefore, the sustainability of forest management stays a permanent challenge and goal.
Od Like do Šleske Balić, Juraj
Povijesni prilozi,
12/2021, Letnik:
40, Številka:
61
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Gotovo neprestano ratovanje koje se na europskom tlu odvijalo tijekom 18. stoljeća pružalo je brojne mogućnosti mladim i ambicioznim časnicima
koji su svoje vojne usluge stavljali na raspolaganje ...raznim europskim vladarima. Kao izvrstan primjer toga trenda može poslužiti slučaj Gideona Ernsta baruna Laudona (1717. – 1790.), časnika koji je vojnu karijeru započeo u Ruskom Carstvu, a potom prešao u službu habsburških vladara, gdje je ostvario nebrojene uspjehe na bojnom polju i dosegnuo sam vrh vojne hijerarhije. Laudon se pridružio habsburškim vojnim snagama u vrijeme Rata za austrijsku baštinu (1740. – 1748.) kao član Trenckova Pandurskoga dobrovoljačkog zbora, prilikom čega se bolje upoznao s vojnim umijećem „maloga rata”. Stečeno iskustvo proširio je nakon završetka toga sukoba kad mu je dodijeljen časnički položaj u Vojnoj krajini. Koristeći se vojnim umijećem i ratnim vještinama krajišnika, Laudon je ostvario znatne uspjehe u prvim godinama Sedmogodišnjega rata (1756. – 1763.), čime je započeo njegov nagli uspon
unutar habsburške vojne hijerarhije. U ovome radu razmatra se uloga krajišnika u Laudonovim vojnim pothvatima u spomenutom ratnom sukobu s ciljem utvrđivanja značenja te specifične skupine vojnika za Laudonov uspjeh na bojnom polju, kao i njihove važnosti u sklopu oružanih snaga Habsburške Monarhije.
Constant warfare throughout the
eighteenth century offered plentiful opportunities for young and aspiring
officers to advance their military and social positions by performing military
services for powerful European rulers. An example of this trend can be provided
by the case of Gideon Ernst, Baron von Laudon (1717 – 1790), who achieved
remarkable success in Habsburg service during the Seven Years’ War (1756 –
1763). Laudon began his military career in the service of the Romanovs, but
during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740 – 1748) he joined the Habsburg
armed forces eager to achieve further military experience and glory. He
acquired skill and knowledge of small war tactics during his service in
Trenck’s Pandour Free Corps. After the war ended, he was awarded a position in
the far south of the Habsburg Monarchy, in the Croatian Military Frontier,
where he accustomed himself to the military skills of the Grenzer. Upon the
outbreak of the Seven Year’s War Laudon led a Grenzer corps to Bohemia where the
Habsburg forces were trying to prevent the advance of the Prussians. The events
which followed marked the start of Laudon’s rapid ascension within the military
hierarchy. Throughout the years he continued to achieve fame and renown by
performing numerous military endeavours which inflicted serious damage on the
Prussian supply lines making a significant impact on the course of the war in
favour of the Habsburg side. Laudon and the Grenzer also participated in major
battles, such as Hochkirch and Kunersdorf, as well as assaults on strongholds
such as Landeshut and Schweidnitz. The utilization of the unique fighting
skills of the Grenzer and small war tactics proved an important factor in
Laudon’s rise within the military circles of the Habsburg Monarchy.
U današnjem digitalnom svijetu, obilježenom globalizacijom i brzim prijenosom informacija na izvanredne udaljenosti, društveni i javni položaj historiografije – koja se našla u novim uvjetima bez ...presedana – dovedeni su u pitanje, posebno kada je riječ o izazovima popularizacije povijesti. Unutar niza pitanja koja popularizacija povijesti otvara, moguće je izdvojiti manju cjelinu koja nas ovdje zanima - lokalnu povijesti i njezinu prezentaciju. U ovom radu predstavit će se izazovi i mogućnosti popularizacije znanstveno utemeljenih spoznaja historiografije na primjeru senjske povijesti i projekta Bulwark of Europe.
U sklopu austrijskih oružanih snaga krajišnici su uživali višestoljetnu reputaciju
kao kvalitetni i odani vojnici. Taj ugled trebali su još jednom potvrditi 1859. godine kada
je izbio ...Austrijsko-sardinijski rat ili Drugi rat za talijansko ujedinjenje. Pažnja ovoga
rada usredotočena je upravo na ulogu jedne konkretne skupine krajišnika – pripadnika
Otočke krajiške pukovnije br. 2 – u ovome sukobu. Na temelju raznovrsne izvorne građe
rekonstruirao se ratni put otočkih krajišnika kako bi se dočaralo njihovo ratno iskustvo,
kao i pobliže razmotrilo pitanje njihove pouzdanosti i učinkovitosti kao vojnika u službi
habsburškog vladara.
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