The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has included higenamine in the β2 agonist (S3) category of the Prohibited List since 2017 due to its pharmacological effects on adrenergic receptors. Although ...higenamine contained in Chinese herbal medicines has been identified by previous studies, comprehensive investigation on the higenamine content of Chinese herbs and their concentrated preparations is still required. This study aimed to determine the levels of higenamine in Chinese medicinal materials and their concentrated preparations used in Chinese medicine prescriptions in Taiwan. The levels of higenamine in Chinese medicinal materials, including Cortex Phellodendri, Flos Caryophylli, Fructus Euodiae, Fructus Kochiae, Plumula Nelumbinis, Radix Aconiti Preparata, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, and Radix Asari, and their concentrated preparations were determined by a validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Our results showed that the amounts of higenamine were detected and quantified in studied Chinese medicinal materials and their concentrated preparations, except for Flos Caryophylli, Radix Aconiti Preparata, and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata. Plumula Nelumbinis and Cortex Phellodendri have higher levels of higenamine when compared to other Chinese herbs tested in the present study. The highest level of higenamine was 2100 μg/g found in the Plumula Nelumbinis medicinal material. In contrast with Plumula Nelumbinis and Cortex Phellodendri, higenamine levels below 10 μg/g were found in other most of the studied Chinese medicinal materials and their concentrated preparations. This study confirmed that various Chinese herbs and their concentrated preparations contained higenamine, and it provided more coherent and comprehensive information for reducing the potential risk of higenamine misuse in sports.
•Higenamine content in Chinese herbs and their related products were determined.•Chinese medicinal materials and their concentrated preparations were investigated.•Higher higenamine content were found in Plumula Nelumbinis and Cortex Phellodendri.•For athletes, understanding the risk of higenamine misuse.•Identification of the potential higenamine abuse for doping control.
We study a special type of explosion of a basin boundary set in an archetypal oscillator. A typical feature is that the basin boundaries change the number of basins separating at the same time. ...Before the explosion, a basin boundary contains some Wada points of ten basins. After the explosion, the basin boundary contains some Wada points of eighteen basins. The underlying mechanism for the explosion is investigated by the heteroclinic tangency and Lambda lemma. Basin entropy and boundary basin entropy are also used to describe the nature of basins of attraction and the basin boundary explosion.
•A special type of explosion of basin boundary is explored.•The mechanism for the explosion of basin boundary is investigated.•Discontinuous heteroclinic tangencies induce sudden changes in the size and types of the basin boundary sets.
The term "food first" has been widely accepted as the preferred strategy within sport nutrition, although there is no agreed definition of this and often limited consideration of the implications. We ...propose that food first should mean "where practically possible, nutrient provision should come from whole foods and drinks rather than from isolated food components or dietary supplements." There are many reasons to commend a food first strategy, including the risk of supplement contamination resulting in anti-doping violations. However, a few supplements can enhance health and/or performance, and therefore a food only approach could be inappropriate. We propose six reasons why a food only approach may not always be optimal for athletes: (a) some nutrients are difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities in the diet, or may require excessive energy intake and/or consumption of other nutrients; (b) some nutrients are abundant only in foods athletes do not eat/like; (c) the nutrient content of some foods with established ergogenic benefits is highly variable; (d) concentrated doses of some nutrients are required to correct deficiencies and/or promote immune tolerance; (e) some foods may be difficult to consume immediately before, during or immediately after exercise; and (f) tested supplements could help where there are concerns about food hygiene or contamination. In these situations, it is acceptable for the athlete to consider sports supplements providing that a comprehensive risk minimization strategy is implemented. As a consequence, it is important to stress that the correct terminology should be "food first but not always food only."
We report a case study of a surgical candidate, a 51‐year‐old woman with left temporal lobe epilepsy, who failed a left injection intracarotid amobarbital procedure (e.g., Wada test), scoring 0 of 8 ...items. This raised concerns for postoperative memory decline. However, the patient was uninterested in a neuromodulatory approach and wished to be reconsidered for surgery. A stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampotomy (SLAH) was considered, encouraging the need for an alternative test to evaluate risk of memory decline. We developed a novel approach to testing memory during stimulation of a depth electrode implanted in the hippocampus, i.e., an electric Wada. During multiple stimulation trials across a range of amplitudes, the patient scored up to 8 of 8 items, which suggested strong contralateral memory support. The surgical team proceeded with a radiofrequency ablation and a subsequent SLAH. The patient remains seizure‐free at 12 months post SLAH with no evidence of verbal or visuospatial memory decline based on a post‐surgical neuropsychological battery. We believe that this case study provides a proof of concept for the feasibility and possible utility of an electric version of the Wada procedure. Future studies are needed to develop an optimal paradigm and to validate this approach.
The partially Wada basin boundaries are referred to the coexistence of Wada points and non-Wada points in the same basin boundary. We demonstrate two types of Wada bifurcations and analyze the ...transitions from totally Wada basins to partially Wada basins and from totally Wada basins to totally Wada basins in a two-dimensional cubic map. We describe some numerical experiments giving the evidence of partially Wada basin boundaries. Our results show that the basin cell erosion and the basin cell bifurcation can induce the Wada basin boundary metamorphoses.
•We give two types of Wada bifurcations in a cubic map.•We report the creation of the partially Wada basin boundaries by a basin cell erosion.•The basin cell bifurcation can induce Wada basin metamorphoses.•The 8-sided basin cell and the 10-sided basin cell are first used to verify the full Wada basin boundaries.
The molecular recognition properties of two pillarnarene sulfates (P5AS and P6AS) toward a panel of world anti-doping agency banned substances (1–11) were investigated by a combination of isothermal ...titration calorimetry, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and molecular modelling. Subsequently a sensing ensemble based on indicator displacement was created using the P5AS•lucigenin and P6AS•Hoechst 33258 complexes which allowed differentiation among the analytes with 90% accuracy. The assay was extended to allow the quantitation of pseudoephedrine in simulated urine samples with a limit of quantitation that is 30-fold below the WADA threshold.
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Objective
In epilepsy surgery, which aims to treat seizures and thereby to improve the lives of persons with drug‐resistant epilepsy, the chances of attaining seizure relief must be carefully weighed ...against the risks of complications and expected adverse events. The interpretation of data regarding complications of epilepsy surgery and invasive diagnostic procedures is hampered by a lack of uniform definitions and method of data collection.
Methods
Based on a review of previous definitions and classifications of complications, we developed a proposal for a new classification. This proposal was then subject to revisions after expert opinion within E‐pilepsy, an EU‐funded European pilot network of reference centers in refractory epilepsy and epilepsy surgery, later incorporated into the ERN (European Reference Network) EpiCARE. This version was discussed with recognized experts, and a final protocol was agreed to after further revision. The final protocol was evaluated in practical use over 1 year in three of the participating centers. One hundred seventy‐four consecutive procedures were included with 35 reported complications.
Results
This report presents a multidimensional classification of complications in epilepsy surgery and invasive diagnostic procedures, where complications are characterized in terms of their immediate effects, resulting permanent symptoms, and consequences on activities of daily living.
Significance
We propose that the protocol will be helpful in the work to promote safety in epilepsy surgery and for future studies designed to identify risk factors for complications. Further work is needed to address the reporting of outcomes as regards neuropsychological function, activities of daily living, and quality of life.
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![Pillar[n]MaxQ sensing ensem...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0040-4020/small "Pillar[n]MaxQ sensing ensemble: Application to world anti-doping agency banned substances")
