Ethical Aspects of Doping and Health Protection Mirela Vasilescu; Giuseppe Madonna; Filomena Mazzeo
Giornale italiano di educazione alla salute, sport e didattica inclusiva,
01/2020, Letnik:
4, Številka:
1sup
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Sports activity has entered the age of science. It is no longer limited to applying and passing on the knowledge and methods that prove to be effective but seeks within itself the rules and tools for ...its own evolution. The purpose of sport are all crossed by the ethical problem. Therefore, sport helps the child to enter an environment different from the family and school environment, but equally important as it is relevant for his education as an individual and as a social subject. The sporting environment, therefore, represents a particular social system, where the child is part of the group through an experience that turns out to take on an educational value at any age. Today, one of the most significant pressure to sport is the use of performance enhancing drugs and methods. In Paralympics games doping methods is commonly called “boosting”. Doping, always, erodes sport’s core values, including fair play and sportspersonship. In order to avert doping, education on ethical decision, multi-tiered educational programs can to protect sport for future generations. The ethical foundation for anti-doping is the protection of the athlete’s health. It is reasoned that anti-doping control is necessary to prevent damage from doping. The essence of sports includes ethics, fair play and honesty. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the main elements of ethical arguments on Anti-Doping practices and policies as help to protecting the education and athlete’s health.
The Wada index based on the weighted and truncated Shannon entropy is presented in this paper. The proposed Wada index can detect if a given basin boundary is a Wada boundary. Moreover, the Wada ...index does represent the number and the distribution of different colors (attractors) in the two-dimensional phase space of initial conditions. The Wada index is based on the standard box counting algorithm, but computations in each box are based on the weighted and truncated Shannon entropy. That makes the algorithm for the computation of the Wada index conveniently applicable for different basins of attraction represented as color digital images. Computational experiments are used to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed index and compare it with other existing techniques and algorithms for the numerical analysis of Wada boundaries.
OBJECTIVES:Uncover literature pertaining to(1) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and how it impacts athletes; (2) ADHD medication effects; (3) regulations regarding ADHD medications; ...(4) approaches to conditions similar to, and occurring with, ADHD; and (5) use of stimulants.
DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Ovid interface.
MAIN RESULTS:ADHD can have many effects on athletes and sports participation. Exercise has positive benefits on ADHD behaviors and playersʼ attitudes. Athletes with ADHD can have worsened ADHD symptoms after concussions. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a modifier of return to play; baseline ADHD symptoms should be used to guide management. Management should include medications, behavioral/psychosocial therapy, and academic accommodations. Behavioral therapy combined with medication is superior to behavioral treatment alone. Sustained exercise as ADHD treatment should be considered mainstay in management. Sports can increase thermogenic effects of stimulants, heat injury, and cardiac arrhythmias. Increased aggressiveness, improved pain tolerance, and decreased sense of fatigue are some attributes of stimulants that are presumed to impart some advantage to athletes, but evidence is uncertain. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications may lead to myocardial infarctions, cerebrovascular accidents, paranoid psychoses, seizures, insomnia, tremors, anxiety, hypertension, and death.
CONCLUSIONS:Athletesʼ performance and quality of life can be negatively affected by ADHD. Risks exist for those who take ADHD medications. More research is needed on the implications ADHD may have in specific sports, and on possible advantages of medication use. Potential deleterious effects of these medications should be addressed.
•Wada structures are driven, enhanced and stable under weak dissipation in three-dimensional open Hamiltonian systems.•Numerical and theoretical evidence of how non-Wada basins transform themselves ...into partially Wada basins due to weak dissipation.•The fractal dimension of the chaotic saddle behaves non-monotonically under weak dissipation.
Chaotic scattering in three dimensions has not received as much attention as in two dimensions so far. In this paper, we deal with a three-dimensional open Hamiltonian system whose Wada basin boundaries become non Wada when the critical energy value is surpassed in the absence of dissipation. In particular, we study here the dissipation effects on this topological change, which has no analogy in two dimensions. Hence, we find that non-Wada basins, expected in the absence of dissipation, transform themselves into partially Wada basins when a weak dissipation reduces the system energy below the critical energy. We provide numerical evidence of the emergence of the Wada points on the basin boundaries under weak dissipation. According to the paper findings, Wada basins are typically driven, enhanced and, consequently, structurally stable under weak dissipation in three-dimensional open Hamiltonian systems.
•The EST lateralized language to one hemisphere in almost 80.9% cases.•Contralateral EEG slowing was noted in 73.7% patients, mostly transient which did not affect the overall interpretation.•The EST ...was unsuccessful in two cases because of persistent diffuse EEG slowing.•The EST was well tolerated in this pediatric population.
To review our experience with the Etomidate speech test (EST) for lateralizing language in children undergoing epilepsy surgery evaluation
This retrospective study included children (<18 years) with drug refractory focal epilepsy undergoing EST for bilateral or poorly reliable language representation on functional MRI. Data for consecutive children who underwent EST between January 2013 to June 2017 were reviewed.
Twenty-one children (mean age at EST, 13.1 ± 4.4 years) were studied, with 19-right hemispheric and 20 left hemispheric injections. Six patients had neurological co-morbidities. Duration of ipsilateral EEG slowing was sufficient for speech testing in all children with a single bolus of Etomidate per carotid artery. Language was lateralized to one hemisphere in 17 (80.9%) and bilateral in two cases. EST was unsuccessful in two patients because of diffuse EEG slowing. Contralateral transient frontal EEG slowing was seen in 14 (73.7%) cases. EST was well tolerated in all the patients.
The EST was found to be successful and safe in lateralizing language in most of our drug refractory pediatric epilepsy cohort.
PDF
