Railway axles are designed for an infinite life with admissible stress levels which correspond to generous safety factors applied to full‐scale fatigue properties of materials. Nevertheless, in order ...to keep an adequate safety level for such a long‐lasting component (an axle can typically run for 3×106 km) subjected to surface deterioration or corrosion, the design is complemented by “damage tolerance” analyses, in which it is assumed that a flaw could grow under service loads, in order to define an appropriate inspection plan. The ultimate “damage tolerance” approach is to design an axle so that there is no need for periodic NDT inspections except those carried out at overhauls (the so called “one million miles axle”). The aim of this paper is to describe the application of this concept to the axle of a freight train comparing this new design concept with the traditional fatigue design.
In hierdie artikel word die telkens uiteenlopende Afrikaner- sowel as Zoeloeperspektiewe oor een van die mees omstrede gebeurtenisse in die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis, naamlik die Slag van ...Bloedrivier, onder die loep geneem. Dit sluit beide geskrewe verslae en herinnerings oor die geveg in. Aangesien daar heelwat meer in Afrikaans en deur Afrikaners as deur Zoeloes oor die geveg geskryf is, word daar meer aandag aan Afrikaner as Zoeloeperspektiewe gegee. Dit is opvallend dat die menings van Afrikaners en Zoeloes oor verskeie belangrike aspekte, veral wat die verloop en uitslag van die geveg betref, ooreenstem. Tog is daar verskille wat in die artikel aangetoon word. Voorts is dit opvallend dat daar van ongeveer 1970 af by verskeie Afrikaanse skrywers 'n groot interpretasie-verandering ingetree het. Waar ouer skrywers geneig was om die Voortrekkeroorwinning aan goddelike ingryping toe te skryf, asof dit 'n wonderwerk was, het 'n nuwe geslag Afrikaanse skrywers na rasioneel-verklaarbare redes vir die oorwinning gesoek. En waar vroeëre skrywers geneig was om die uitslag as 'n oorwinning van Christendom oor barbarisme te beskou, neig die nuwe skrywers weg van sodanige oordele en toon hulle heelwat meer empatie met Dingane se bedreigde posisie as wat vroeëre skrywers gedoen het. Die finale gevolgtrekking in die artikel is dat die laaste woord oor Bloedrivier steeds nie gespreek is nie - geskiedenis is en bly 'n vakgebied van veranderende perspektiewe. Afrikaner and Zulu perspectives on the Battle of Blood River, 16 December 1838 The purpose of this article is to investigate the divergent ways in which Afrikaner and Zulu commentators have treated the events of the Battle of Blood River, and also how interpretations have changed in the course of years and generations. This battle is a controversial event in South African history and an impressive number of studies on it have been produced. The battle furthermore figures prominently in Zulu oral tradition. Each report represents a standpoint. There is no single, generally accepted Afrikaner perspective and indeed neither a unitary Zulu viewpoint. The mere fact that appreciably more studies of the battle by authors who can be regarded as Afrikaners (or who regard themselves as such) than studies by Zulus have appeared over the years, means that there are more detailed and extensive Afrikaner than Zulu perspectives. As a result more attention is given in the article to Afrikaner than to Zulu viewpoints. The article also provides a broad overview of the events that led to the Battle of Blood River as well as the events of the battle itself and of its consequences. This will assist a reader who only has limited knowledge of the events to follow the analysis of perspectives. It is noticeable that the opinions of Afrikaners and Zulus on numerous important aspects, including the course and the outcome of the battle, often concur. There are nevertheless differences which are indicated in the article.
In hierdie artikel word die telkens uiteenlopende Afrikaner- sowel as Zoeloeperspektiewe oor een van die mees omstrede gebeurtenisse in die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis, naamlik die Slag van ...Bloedrivier, onder die loep geneem. Dit sluit beide geskrewe verslae en herinnerings oor die geveg in. Aangesien daar heelwat meer in Afrikaans en deur Afrikaners as deur Zoeloes oor die geveg geskryf is, word daar meer aandag aan Afrikaner as Zoeloeperspektiewe gegee. Dit is opvallend dat die menings van Afrikaners en Zoeloes oor verskeie belangrike aspekte, veral wat die verloop en uitslag van die geveg betref, ooreenstem. Tog is daar verskille wat in die artikel aangetoon word. Voorts is dit opvallend dat daar van ongeveer 1970 af by verskeie Afrikaanse skrywers 'n groot interpretasie-verandering ingetree het. Waar ouer skrywers geneig was om die Voortrekkeroorwinning aan goddelike ingryping toe te skryf, asof dit 'n wonderwerk was, het 'n nuwe geslag Afrikaanse skrywers na rasioneel-verklaarbare redes vir die oorwinning gesoek. En waar vroeëre skrywers geneig was om die uitslag as 'n oorwinning van Christendom oor barbarisme te beskou, neig die nuwe skrywers weg van sodanige oordele en toon hulle heelwat meer empatie met Dingane se bedreigde posisie as wat vroeëre skrywers gedoen het. Die finale gevolgtrekking in die artikel is dat die laaste woord oor Bloedrivier steeds nie gespreek is nie - geskiedenis is en bly 'n vakgebied van veranderende perspektiewe. Afrikaner and Zulu perspectives on the Battle of Blood River, 16 December 1838 The purpose of this article is to investigate the divergent ways in which Afrikaner and Zulu commentators have treated the events of the Battle of Blood River, and also how interpretations have changed in the course of years and generations. This battle is a controversial event in South African history and an impressive number of studies on it have been produced. The battle furthermore figures prominently in Zulu oral tradition. Each report represents a standpoint. There is no single, generally accepted Afrikaner perspective and indeed neither a unitary Zulu viewpoint. The mere fact that appreciably more studies of the battle by authors who can be regarded as Afrikaners (or who regard themselves as such) than studies by Zulus have appeared over the years, means that there are more detailed and extensive Afrikaner than Zulu perspectives. As a result more attention is given in the article to Afrikaner than to Zulu viewpoints. The article also provides a broad overview of the events that led to the Battle of Blood River as well as the events of the battle itself and of its consequences. This will assist a reader who only has limited knowledge of the events to follow the analysis of perspectives. It is noticeable that the opinions of Afrikaners and Zulus on numerous important aspects, including the course and the outcome of the battle, often concur. There are nevertheless differences which are indicated in the article.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Die Eisenbahngesellschaft Perurail betreibt ein Netz von Schmalspurbahnen, das von Cusco aus die Gebirgsregionen der Anden ...erschließt. Aufgenommen am 3. September 2011- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Die Eisenbahngesellschaft Perurail betreibt ein Netz von Schmalspurbahnen, das von Cusco aus die Gebirgsregionen der Anden ...erschließt. Aufgenommen am 3. September 2011- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Eine moderne Einschienenbahn verkehrt zwischen dem Passagierhafen, einem Großparkplatz und der Piazzale Roma im Fünf-Minuten-Takt. ...Aufgenommen am 3. Juli 2010 in Venedig- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Eine moderne Einschienenbahn verkehrt zwischen dem Passagierhafen, einem Großparkplatz und der Piazzale Roma im Fünf-Minuten-Takt. ...Aufgenommen am 3. Juli 2010 in Venedig- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Eine moderne Einschienenbahn verkehrt zwischen dem Passagierhafen, einem Großparkplatz und der Piazzale Roma im Fünf-Minuten-Takt. ...Aufgenommen am 3. Juli 2010 in Venedig- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
