The purpose of this study is to map and analyse how travellers at an airport and on ferries experience, interpret and define the risk, safety and freedom of movement in the northern part of the ...Baltic Sea region with regard to the border agencies. This qualitative study is based on empirically gathered material such as field interviews and fieldwork observations on Stockholm's Arlanda airport in Sweden, and a Tallink Silja Line ferry running between Stockholm and Riga in Latvia. The study's general starting point was an ethno-methodologically inspired perspective on verbal descriptions along with an interactionist perspective which considers interactions expressed through language and gestures. Apart from this starting point, this study focused on the construction of safety as particularly relevant components of the collected empirical material. The study findings suggest that many passengers at the airport and on the ferries hold positive views about the idea of the freedom of movement in Europe, but are scared of threats coming from outside Europe. The travellers created and re-created the phenomenon of safety which is maintained in contrast to others, in this case the threats from outside Europe. The passengers in this study construct safety by distinguishing against the others outside Europe but also through interaction with them. The passengers emphasise that the freedom of movement is personally beneficial because it is easier for EU citizens to travel within Europe but, at the same time, it is regarded as facilitating the entry of potential threats into the European Union.
V članku analiziramo metodo izgradnje digitalnega modela reliefa iz podatkov lidar na testnih primerih z območja Slovenije. Ker obe metodi temeljita na konceptih matematične morfologije, podrobneje ...predstavimo eno, medtem ko uvodoma podamo splošen pregled del na obravnavanem območju. Rezultati pokažejo, da se z obema metodama pravilno določi teren v več kot 90 odstotkih, in sta zato obe primerni za uporabo tudi na geografsko tako razgibanem območju, kot je Slovenija. Čeprav je na ravninskih območjih njuna natančnost primerljiva, opisana metoda omogoča natančnejšo izgradnjo digitalnega modela reliefa predvsem na zahtevnejših, goratih območjih z relativno strmimi in spremenljivimi nakloni ter na območjih s terasami. Tudi v teh primerih povprečna absolutna višinska napaka ni večja od 15 centimetrov ; This paper reviews two methods for digital terrain model generation from LiDAR data in test cases in Slovenia; both methods are based on concepts of mathematical morphology. A general overview of methods is given in the introduction, one of which is presented in more detail. The results show that both methods are able to correctly extract terrain points in more than 90% of the cases and are, therefore, suitable for usage even for such geographically diverse regions as Slovenia. Although the accuracy of both methods is comparable in cases of flat areas, the described method performs significantly better in problematic cases, such as hilly areas with relatively steep variable slopes, and terrains containing terraces. Even in these cases, the average absolute height error is not higher than 15 cm.
The human face is unique among social stimuli in conveying such a variety of different characteristics. A person's identity, sex, race, age, emotional state, focus of attention, facial speech ...patterns, and attractiveness are all detected and interpreted with relative ease from the face. Humans also display a surprising degree of consistency in the extent to which personality traits, such as trustworthiness and likeability, are attributed to faces. In the past thirty years, face perception has become an area of major interest within psychology, with a rapidly expanding research base. Yet until now, there has been no comprehensive reference work bringing together this ever growing body of research. The Oxford Handbook of Face Perception looks at the functional and neural mechanisms underlying the perception, representation, and interpretation of facial characteristics, such as identity, expression, eye gaze, attractiveness, personality, and race. It examines the development of these processes, their neural correlates in both human and non-human primates, congenital and acquired disorders resulting from their breakdown, and the theoretical and computational frameworks for their underlying mechanisms.
Remote sensing has developed various methods and technologies for contactless and cost-effective mapping of large area land cover/land use maps and other thematic maps. The key factor for the ...availability and reliability of these maps for use in Earth sciences is the development of effective procedures for satellite data analysis and classification. The most appropriate approach for classifying low and medium resolution satellite images (pixel size is coarser than, or at best similar to, the size of geographical objects) is pixel-based classification in which an individual pixel is classified into the closest class based on its spectral similarity. With increasing spatial resolution, pixel-based classification methods became less effective, since the relationship between the pixel size and the dimension of the observed objects on the Earth's surface has changed significantly. Therefore object-oriented classification has become increasingly popular over the past decade. This combines segmentation (which is a fundamental phase of the approach) and contextual classification. Segmentation divides the image into homogeneous pixel groups (segments), which are -during the semantic classification process - arranged into classes based on their spectral, geometric, textural and other features during. The intent of this paper is to present the theoretical argumentation and methodology of object-based image analysis of remote sensing data, provide an overview of the field and point out certain restrictions as regards the current operational solutions.
Remote sensing has developed various methods and technologies for contactless and cost-effective mapping of large area land cover/land use maps and other thematic maps. The key factor for the ...availability and reliability of these maps for use in Earth sciences is the development of effective procedures for satellite data analysis and classification. The most appropriate approach for classifying low and medium resolution satellite images (pixel size is coarser than, or at best similar to, the size of geographical objects) is pixel-based classification in which an individual pixel is classified into the closest class based on its spectral similarity. With increasing spatial resolution, pixel-based classification methods became less effective, since the relationship between the pixel size and the dimension of the observed objects on the Earth's surface has changed significantly. Therefore object-oriented classification has become increasingly popular over the past decade. This combines segmentation (which is a fundamental phase of the approach) and contextual classification. Segmentation divides the image into homogeneous pixel groups (segments), which are - during the semantic classification process - arranged into classes based on their spectral, geometric, textural and other features during. The intent of this paper is to present the theoretical argumentation and methodology of object-based image analysis of remote sensing data, provide an overview of the field and point out certain restrictions as regards the current operational solutions.
Daljinsko zaznavanje v termičnem infrardečem spektru je sodobno orodje, ki nam omogoča opazovanje aktivnih ognjenikov. Z njim lahko zaznamo manjše toplotne anomalije, kot so vroči izviri ali ...fumarole,pa tudi večja telesa, kot so tokovi ali jezera lave. Vse anomalije imajo ne glede na temperaturo običajno manjšo površino od prostorske ločljivosti senzorjev (od 30 do 4000 m), ki so primerni za njihovo opazovanje. Da bi lahko anomalijo kljub temu zaznali in določilinjene fizikalne parametre, moramo uporabiti podatke iz več kanalov v ustreznem spektru. Toplotno anomalijo najbolj robustno opišemo s toplotnim tokom. Za razumevanje aktivnosti ognjenika moramo spremljatirazvoj časovne vrste toplotnega toka. Ker so satelitski podatki podvrženi vplivom atmosfere, reliefa, itd., je v časovni vrsti vedno prisoten šum. Kot primer smo prikazali zmanjšanje šuma s kalmanovim filtrom, s katerim smo obdelali izbruh Etne jeseni 2002. : Thermal remote sensing is a valuable tool for monitoring active volcanoes. One can use it to detect smaller thermal anomalies, such as hot springs or fumaroles. It is successful also by detecting largeranomalies, such as lava flows or lava lakes. All these anomalies usually cover only a small area comparing to the ground sample distance of the sensors that are appropriate for their monitoring. This makes detecting and characterizing the thermal anomaly a difficult task that is solved by using more data from severalbands covering the appropriate spectra. The most robust parameter to characterize a thermal anomaly is radiative heat flux. We need to analyse its time series in order to understand the volcano activity. Satellite data are influenced by the atmosphere, terrain, etc.Therefore, the time series always contains some noise. For a case study we applied Kalman filter to minimise the noise in the case study of Etna eruption in autumn 2002.
This article aims to present the change detection methodology as experienced in the use of optical remote sensing imagery (Landsat) and its pitfalls when multitemporal analyses are performed with ...pixel-based (raster algebra) techniques. The existing methodologyrecommends fundamental data preparation (geometric, radiometric, topographic corrections) and offers numerous change detection techniques. Regardless of the carefully performed preparationscertain noise remains, which can drastically weight the imagery comparisons. This noise behaves as a detected change and could have such a false effect on the identified change pattern (i.e. false, non-intrinsic changes) that the quantitative evaluation might fail.Since this noise originates from the pre-processing algorithms as well as the natural and technological conditions during data acquisition it can not be completely removed by data corrections. A multiresolution change detection approach is therefore proposed. Taking into account the neighbourhood and change information from joining different spatial scales, the multi-resolution approach effectively reduces the amount of false changes. In the discussion the remote sensing imagery for surface change detection is evaluated.
From the light that falls on the retina, the visual system must extract meaningful information about what is where in our environment. At an early stage in this process, it analyzes the incoming ...sensory data along many dimensions of pattern vision. This book describes the current knowledge about this stage of visual processing, focusing both on psychophysical experiments measuring the detection and identification of near-threshold patterns and on the mathematical models used to draw inferences from such experimental results. Neurophysiological evidence is presented and compared critically to the psychophysical evidence. Orientation, spatial frequency, direction of motion, and eye of origin are among the many dimensions of spatiotemporal pattern vision for which experimental results and mathematical models are reviewed. Introductory material on psychophysical methods, signal detection theory, and the mathematics of Fourier analysis is also given. The preface gives a guide to the organization of the book and to what parts of the book can be read independently of one another. The last two chapters contain lists of references organized by dimensions of pattern vision. An appendix at the end of the book lists the assumptions used in the models both in order of appearance and in groups according to function.
The interactive method of orientation between 2D photographs and a 3D height model presented with a point cloud is described. The orientation parameters of the 2D photograph (rotations and location ...of the camera) are derived using the interactive searching for the best fit of the projected 3D height model points on the image. This method requires good operator’s knowledge of the photograph and its details and above all a lot of time. The most suitable photographs for the interactive method of orientation are the panoramic ones, with removed distortions. On the photograph there should be many easily found targets or details (edges ...). The method was developed for the error search in the laser scanning point cloud (Rönnholm et al., 2003a, 2003b). In this paper a test of the usefulness of the interactive method of orientation on the example of Horizont nonmetric panoramic photographs of the Triglav glacieris presented. Because of the lack of good details seen on the photographs and in the 3D model, we derived only approximate values for the orientation parameters. Unfortunately this is not enough for conducting measurements of height difference out of the Horizontphotograph. If correct values of orientation were available, the height differences between the 3D model and photographs could be measured. This would be done with shifts of the 3D point images on two Horizont photographs, so that they would fit the photographsbetter. The 3D model presents the state of the Triglav glacier in the year 2005. The Horizont photographs present the state of the glacier in each month from 1976 on.
PDF
