Can drug and vaccine regulatory agencies leverage their experience during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to advance from reactive regulation to adaptive regulation and beyond to ...anticipatory regulation to prevent or curb future pandemics?
Can drug and vaccine regulatory agencies leverage their experience during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to advance from reactive regulation to adaptive regulation and beyond to anticipatory regulation to prevent or curb future pandemics?
In this letter, we study the adaptive regulation problem for a chain of integrators in which there are different individual delays in measured feedback states for a controller. These delays are ...considered to be unknown and time-varying, and they can be arbitrarily fast-varying. We analytically show that a feedback controller with a dynamic gain can adaptively regulate a chain of integrators in the presence of unknown individual state delays. A simulation result is given for illustration.
This paper introduces the design and fabrication of a multi-layered smart modular structure (SMS) that has been inspired by the muscular organs and modularity in soft animals. The SMS is capable of ...planar reciprocal motion of bending in heating process and recovering in cooling process when SMA wires carry out phase transformation. An adaptive regulation heating strategy is applied to avoid overheating and achieve bending range control of the SMS based on the resistance feedback of the SMA wires which as actuator of the SMS. The SMS can modular assemble soft robots with multiple morphologies such as lateral robots, bilateral robots and actinomorphic robots. A five-armed actinomorphic soft robot is conducted to crawling in terrestrial ground (max speed: 140 mm s−1, 0.7 body s−1), swimming in underwater environment (max speed: 67 mm s−1, 2.5 height s−1) and griping fragile objects (max object weight: 0.91 kg, 15 times the weight of itself). Those demonstrate that the performance of the SMS is good enough to be modular units to establish soft robots which possess a high speed of response, good adaptability and a safe interaction with their environments.
Amino acids are essential for cellular protein synthesis, growth, metabolism, signaling and in stress responses. Cell plasma membranes harbor specialized transporters accumulating amino acids to ...support a variety of cellular biochemical pathways. Several transporters for neutral amino acids have been characterized. However, Slc38a2 (also known as SA1, SAT2, ATA2, SNAT2) representing the classical transport system A activity stands in a unique position: Being a secondarily active transporter energized by the electrochemical gradient of Na+, it creates steep concentration gradients for amino acids such as glutamine: this may subsequently drive the accumulation of additional neutral amino acids through exchange via transport systems ASC and L. Slc38a2 is ubiquitously expressed, yet in a cell-specific manner. In this review, we show that Slc38a2 is regulated at the transcriptional and translational levels as well as by ions and proteins through direct interactions. We describe how Slc38a2 senses amino acid availability and passes this onto intracellular signaling pathways and how it regulates protein synthesis, cellular proliferation and apoptosis through the mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) and general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) pathways. Furthermore, we review how this extensively regulated transporter contributes to cellular osmoadaptation and how it is regulated by endoplasmic reticulum stress and various hormonal stimuli to promote cellular metabolism, cellular signaling and cell survival.
This article is part of the issue entitled ‘Special Issue on Neurotransmitter Transporters’.
•Slc38a2 represents the classically described system A transport activity.•Slc38a2 accumulates small, neutral amino acids directly or indirectly by energizing ASCT1/2 and LAT1/2 transporters.•Slc38a2 is extensively regulated by cell stress, nutritional and hormonal signaling, and acts as an amino acid sensor upstream of mTOR.•Slc38a2 contributes to the pathology in a number of diseases such as cancer, epilepsy and diabetes mellitus.
•Regulating an emerging technology can be challenging in safety-intensive industries.•We unpack how technological characteristics influence regulatory options.•Players with different incentives and ...capabilities may require different regulation.•Industry structure, safety levels, uncertainty should define the regulatory approach.
Commercializing an emerging technology that employs an immature production process can be challenging, particularly when there are many different sources of uncertainty. In industries with stringent safety requirements, regulatory interventions that ensure safety while maintaining incentives for innovation can be particularly elusive. We use the extreme case of metal additive manufacturing (an emerging technology with many sources of process uncertainty) in commercial aviation (an industry where lapses in safety can have catastrophic consequences) to unpack how the characteristics of a technology may influence the options for regulatory intervention. Based on our findings, we propose an adaptive regulatory framework in which standards are periodically revised and in which different groups of companies are regulated differently as a function of their technological capabilities. We conclude by proposing a generalizable framework for regulating emerging process-based technologies in safety-critical industries in which the optimal regulatory configuration depends on the industry structure (number of firms), the performance and safety requirements, and the sources of technological uncertainty.
•Examine digitalization as a key driver of transformative environmental innovation.•Study it as a ubiquitous unfolding and as a place-based socio-material phenomenon.•Analyse how it reconstitutes ...sectors by necessitating cross-sectoral coordination.•EIST scholars must engage with modalities and impact spectrum of digitalization.•An explicit focus on digitalization is needed to inform just low-carbon transitions.
This viewpoint argues for an explicit focus on digitalization as a key driver of transformative environmental change and innovation in the next decade. We hold that digitalization is more than a landscape concern. Our piece suggests three elements of a critical approach to digitalization: to examine its ubiquitous unfolding, to study it as a real socio-material phenomenon ‘on the ground’, and to analyse how it enables new forms of coordination across sectors. We conclude that EIST scholars must engage critically with the proliferation of digitalization in most or all societal sectors, and with how this sets directions for low-carbon transitions.
•This paper addressed the leader-following consensus of multi-agent systems (MASs) under a class of antagonistic networks.•For antagonistic and directed networks with structurally balanced ...properties, sufficient conditions are established under which the MASs will achieve bipartite consensus.•Simulation results are also given to verify the effectiveness of our methods.
In this paper, we address the leader-following consensus of multi-agent systems (MASs) under a class of antagonistic networks. Different from the traditional literature, in our model, whether a follower can access the leader depends on a matrix instead of a scalar. For antagonistic and directed networks with structurally balanced properties, sufficient conditions are established under which the MASs will achieve bipartite consensus. Detailed algorithms are proposed to design the gain matrices and the coupling strength. What is more, we design adaptive laws to self-tune the value of the coupling strength. Simulation results are also given to verify the effectiveness of our methods.
The frequent occurrence of drought events has changed the structure of the water supply-demand system, seriously hindering the sustainable development of society. This study aims to address the ...challenges of unclear impact of the system structure changes on water use desirability (WUD), as well as the regional water resources adaptive regulation. First, the structure of the water supply-demand system was analyzed based on the system theory. Then water supply priority (WSP) and water use compression (WUC) were considered to set combined regulation scenarios, which respectively characterize the structure of the water supply and demand systems. The MIKE BASIN/NAM water resources regulation coupling model was constructed to simulate the water use process under different scenarios. The desirability function approach was introduced to quantify the impact of system structure changes on WUD, and ultimately the adaptive regulation strategies were proposed with the goal of the highest WUD. Taking Chuxiong Prefecture in Yunnan, China as the study area, the validity of the model was verified, and the main results show that (1) t he optimal WSP in Chuxiong Prefecture was: urban domestic > rural domestic > industry > agriculture; (2) agriculture was identified as the most appropriate water user for compressing; (3) it was recommended that the adaptive regulation measure was to adjust the WSP in Dayao, Mouding and Wuding; and change the WUC in Yongren and Yao'an. In Nanhua, Chuxiong, Shuangbai and Lufeng, the adaptive regulation measure was to joint adjustment of WSP and WUC. These results clarify the impact of the system structure changes on WUD in Chuxiong Prefecture, identifying the optimal WSP and optimal WUC user under extreme drought, and propose water resources adaptive regulation suggestions for each county. In addition, the water resources adaptive regulation technology proposed in this study can provide scientific basis for water resources allocation under future climate change.
Abstract
While improving financial efficiency and enriching financial products, financial technology has also brought about the generalization of financial risks. The financial rules under the ...traditional financial supervision paradigm are usually the product of crisis-based legislation and regulation. They are characterized by “command and control” and cannot cope with the pan-financialization brought by financial technology, the frequent financial risks, the endogenous and exogenous financial systems. Risk and other issues. The transformation of the financial regulatory paradigm is imperative. According to the analysis of big data, the new paradigm of financial supervision requires the establishment of cross-industry risk supervision institutions on top of specialized financial supervision institutions to prevent risks from being passed inside and outside the financial system. Requires adaptive supervision to reasonably allocate financial rule-making powers among financial legislatures, financial regulatory agencies, and regulated institutions; requires experimental supervision to deal with time-consuming issues of supervisory intervention; requires real-time or true data-driven supervision.
This paper shows that under an ISS-like condition on the zero-dynamics with time-delay, it is possible to achieve global adaptive regulation by dynamic partial state feedback for certain classes of ...time-delay cascade systems with nonlinear parameterization. The main contribution is the development of a delay-independent, partial state adaptive control scheme that employs a dynamic gain-based method, together with the adaptive feedback domination design and the technique of changing supply rate. By constructing suitable dynamic gain-based Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, we prove that all the states of the time-delay cascade system can be regulated to the origin while maintaining boundedness of the closed-loop system.
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