This study purposed to examine prosocial behavior adjustment methods employed by preschoolers to modify their responses to the reactions of recipients. Previous studies have focused solely on whether ...children can perform prosocial behaviors as required. However, children must modify their prosocial behaviors to suit their purposes if their conduct does not benefit the receiver or is unaccepted. This naturalistic observation study monitored the prosocial behaviors of three- and five-year-old children and obtained three substantial findings. First, three-year-old children exhibited more negative reactions as receivers than five-year-old preschoolers, whose reactions were more amenable. Second, the four-criteria standpoint applied to detect the appropriateness of prosocial behavior revealed that children aged five evinced more apposite prosocial behaviors than three-year-old toddlers. Finally, preschoolers aged five shifted to more apt prosocial behaviors than three-year-old children if they received a negative reaction. Furthermore, these pioneering findings demonstrate that preschool children experience developmental changes in adjusting their prosocial behaviors.
This paper examines the long-term impact and short-term dynamics of macroeconomic variables on international housing prices. Since adequate housing market data are generally not available and usually ...of low frequency we apply a panel cointegration analysis consisting of 15 countries over a period of 30 years. Pooling the observations allows us to overcome the data restrictions which researchers face when testing long-term relationships among single real estate time series. This study does not only confirm results from previous studies, but also allows for a comparison of single country estimations in an integrated equilibrium framework. The empirical results indicate house prices to increase in the long-run by 0.6% in response to a 1% increase in economic activity while construction costs and the long-term interest rate show average long-term effects of approximately 0.6% and −0.3%, respectively. Contrary to current literature our estimates suggest only about 16% adjustment per year. Thus the time to full recovery may be much slower than previously stated, so that deviations from the long-term equilibrium result in a dynamic adjustment process that may take up to 14 years.
This paper proposes a new data-hiding method based on pixel pair matching (PPM). The basic idea of PPM is to use the values of pixel pair as a reference coordinate, and search a coordinate in the ...neighborhood set of this pixel pair according to a given message digit. The pixel pair is then replaced by the searched coordinate to conceal the digit. Exploiting modification direction (EMD) and diamond encoding (DE) are two data-hiding methods proposed recently based on PPM. The maximum capacity of EMD is 1.161 bpp and DE extends the payload of EMD by embedding digits in a larger notational system. The proposed method offers lower distortion than DE by providing more compact neighborhood sets and allowing embedded digits in any notational system. Compared with the optimal pixel adjustment process (OPAP) method, the proposed method always has lower distortion for various payloads. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method not only provides better performance than those of OPAP and DE, but also is secure under the detection of some well-known steganalysis techniques.
Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent inherited form of muscular dystrophy during childhood. DMD is a severe and progressive disease. Children initially have no symptoms, ...but the diagnosis is often delayed until the child is about 5 years old. Purpose: Although few studies have addressed parent reactions to DMD, parental reactions to other serious childhood conditions have been documented. This study aims to understand the resolution styles that parents use in the context of their children with DMD. Methods: Data were collected on 39 parents residing in central Italy, comprising 23 mothers and 16 fathers of children with DMD of a mean age of 12 years. The participants attended a single assessment session lasting 60-80 minutes in which they were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. The participants completed the Reaction to Diagnosis Interview, which is composed of five open-ended questions about parents' memories, thoughts, and feelings about their child's diagnosis. The interviews were videotaped, transcribed, and coded. The Reaction to Diagnosis Interview classifies parents into two main classifications: ＂resolved＂ and ＂unresolved.＂ In addition, the participants responded to questions about their perceptions of family functioning and about the behavioral problems of their children. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to examine the role of child characteristics, disease severity, resolution classification (yes/no), and family variables as predictors of child behavior problems. Results: The proportion of the resolved cases found in this study (41%) was lower than the mean proportion of resolved cases (60%) found in previous studies. Within the resolved category, ＂thinking oriented＂ was the most prevalent subcategory. Resolved participants reported significantly higher scores for family functioning and family satisfaction than unresolved participants. No differences were found between the groups in terms of perceptions of family communication. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that a lower level of family functioning was the strongest predictor of child behavior problems. Having a higher level of disease severity and being unresolved were also identified as predictors of child behavior problems. Conclusions/Implications for Practice: Results highlight the relevance of parent resolution in the adjustment process of children. The findings of this study may assist professionals in the medical field to focus on family variables and the parent process of diagnosis resolution as the primary goals in the prevention of child behavior problems.
The thermal environment of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer installed on the International Space Station was found to be affected by its attitude adjustment causing temperature anomalies. In previous ...studies, the abnormal temperature responses and the corresponding control measures were studied systematically, but the influence of the attitude adjustment process with the key angle variable was not considered adequately. Here we report a numerical study of the exterior heat flow and temperature responses of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer during the attitude adjustment process of the International Space Station, along with the thermal control effect on temperature anomalies caused by the key angle variable that determines the flight attitude. As results, the change process of the key angle variable determining the flight attitude may cause a maximum exterior heat flow difference of 479.28 W/m2 and a temperature difference of 46.03 °C, respectively, and even inducing temperature anomalies occurring in a time range from 4619 s to 37641 s. The existing temperature control measure that rotates the International Space Station starboard radiator exhibits different effects with the variation of the angle variable. Among them, 67.6% of the temperature anomaly cases can be suppressed, suggesting the possibility of further thermal control in orbit.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
In der bisherigen Forschung zur Anpassung an die Pension dominieren quantitative Studien zur Entwicklung verschiedener Indikatoren des Anpassungserfolgs. Demgegenüber ...mangelt es an qualitativen Untersuchungen, welche die subjektiven Erfahrungswerte der Betroffenen im Anpassungsprozess an die Pension betrachten.
Fragestellung
Der Beitrag behandelt die subjektiven Anpassungserfahrungen von Personen, deren regulärer Pensionseintritt rund ein Jahr zurückliegt. Im Fokus stehen erlebte Gewöhnungserfordernisse und subjektiv relevante Faktoren der Lebenszufriedenheit.
Material und Methoden
Die Befunde basieren auf qualitativen Interviewdaten, die im Rahmen einer umfassenderen, zwischen 2019 und 2022 in der Deutschschweiz durchgeführten Mixed-Methods-Studie gewonnen wurden. Im Zuge dessen erfolgten 25 leitfadengestützte Interviews, die inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet wurden.
Ergebnisse
Der Pensionseintritt wurde mehrheitlich positiv erlebt, was v. a. mit einem Freiheitsgewinn und mit Regenerationsmöglichkeiten begründet wurde. Die Zeit nach der Pensionierung barg jedoch auch Gewöhnungserfordernisse in unterschiedlichen Lebensbereichen. Die Lebenszufriedenheit stieg gegenüber der Erstbefragung vor der Pensionierung an und wurde mit verschiedenen zu- und abträglichen Faktoren in Verbindung gebracht, die von persönlichen Merkmalen bis hin zu gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen reichten.
Diskussion
Die Pensionierung stellt keine zwangsläufig krisenhafte Erfahrung dar, kann jedoch von anderen kritischen Ereignissen begleitet werden. Ein zufriedenstellendes Leben in der Pension steht mit multiplen Faktoren in Verbindung, unter denen die individuelle Ressourcenausstattung eine wesentliche Rolle spielt.
Dual image based RDH is a separate research area of the traditional RDH method, which has been continuously studied by several researchers over the past decade. In the research of dual RDH, extension ...of the traditional RDH algorithm or methods of improving the existing DH algorithm to dual RDH have been proposed. Hamming code (HC) is a method used as a DH method, but it is not applied to RDH. In this paper, we propose a dual RDH method using Hamming codes. Previously, Jana et al. proposed HC(7,4)-based dual RDH, but in terms of performance, it showed a weakness that did not reach the performance of the previously proposed RDH. In this paper, we propose a dual RDH scheme using Hamming code and OPAP. As previously suggested by Jana et al. The performance of dual RDH of HC(7,4) has been greatly improved. In this paper, HC(3,1) is used to significantly improve data hiding capacity and image quality, i.e., since this method conceals 2-bit secret data in 3 pixels using the OPAP method and the Hamming code, the embedding rate is 1.0 bpp and the average of the two marked images is measured as 51 dB. With the efficiency of the proposed coding method, it is possible to maintain high image quality. As a result of the experiment, our proposed data hiding capacity greatly outperformed the method proposed by Jana et al., and compared to the existing methods, it was almost similar in capacity and showed good performance in terms of image quality.
•A dual image based reversible data hiding (RDH) method is proposed by using Hamming code and the OPAP.•It greatly exceeds the embedding rate of the RDH performance proposed by Jana et al.•Optimize LSB errors using OPAP in RDH embedding procedure.•Reconstruct the original cover image using Hamming code.
Although considerable organizational research exists on the topic of expatriate adjustment and early departure, little has focused on the actual psychological processes causing change in adjustment ...outcomes. Specifically, researchers have not focused on cognitive dissonance that arises from adopting or condoning culturally expected behaviors that are inconsistent with the expatriate’s own values or attitudes. We propose that dissonance experiences and the methods used for dissonance reduction influence expatriates’ adjustment outcomes and, in turn, their tendency for early departure. We further specify key situational and individual difference constructs that regulate these causal relationships. Along with a greater understanding of cross-cultural adjustment, the current model suggests new directions for expatriate research and management.
Theoretical framework: Mergers and acquisitions have become an important strategy used by companies to achieve certain organizational goals. However, people-organization fit issues will occur during ...the post-merger or post-acquisition.
Design/methodology/approach: The method used in the research was carried out using a qualitative-phenomenological approach. Choice of method contributes to M&A knowledge. Using a phenomenological approach, this study incorporates detailed nuances into our understanding of the role of leadership during M&A through an experienced perspective. Thus, a deeper descriptive exploration of the topic can be obtained.
Findings: In this study, it is stated that the success of mergers and acquisitions is influenced by the role of the leader before, during and after the merger/acquisition is carried out. This study argues that the lack of attention to the leadership aspects of M&A creates a knowledge gap, where little is known about the role of leadership during M&A, as well as its role in ensuring a favorable organizational climate for creating employee person-organizations that are appropriate to the post-M&A process.
Research, Practical & Social implications: Previous studies have stated the importance of leaders to help organizational members achieve person-organization fit. The relationship of person-organization fit after the acquisition process has also been investigated.
Originality/value: This study concludes that in general an effective leadership style in the M&A process tends to be Transformational. One of the effective leadership styles told by the informants is the leader's ability to be able to provide motivation, which is in line with one of the "4I" concepts of Transformational leadership, namely Inspirational motivation.
This qualitative descriptive study aims to explore the lived experience of the adjustment process of couples who face vision loss, investigating the impact of such loss on daily life and the ...adjustments and adaptations that ensue. To undertake such an exploration, the application of an occupational perspective is relevant where the meaning and purpose partners ascribe to their everyday activities can be investigated. A total of 16 couples living in Western Switzerland were interviewed between January and June 2020. Data collection was carried out with semi-structured face-to-face interview. Three themes emerge from the thematic analysis of transcripts. The first theme emphasizes that either separate or joint everyday activities of partners can be shared within couples, which all give sense to the partnership; the second one shows that vision loss disrupts the engagement of partners in such shared everyday activities. The third theme highlights partners’ efforts to reshape their engagement in their shared everyday activities in order to maintain a sense of couple’s we-ness. While navigating vision loss requires both partners to jointly engage in this process of reshaping, couples described tension that arises because of the partners with vision loss’ growing dependence on the other partner. One’s sense of control when navigating vision loss is critical to adjust to a changing and changed daily life. Further research is needed that focuses on how romantic partners ascribe a shared meaning and purpose to their engagement in everyday activities, separate or joint, and how such meaning and purpose are impacted by the onset or aggravation of one partner’s vision loss.
