Urine is an acellular liquid product of renal excretory function. As liquid passes through the renal tubules, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra, it picks up desquamating cells ...derived from the epithelia of these organs. Inflammatory cells, erythrocytes and macrophages are frequently seen. Voided urine has an acid pH and a high content of urea and other organic components; therefore it is not isotonic. Consequently, urine is not a hospitable medium for desquamated cells, which are often poorly preserved and sometimes difficult to access microscopically.
The collection techniques used to obtain urinary specimens include voided and catheterized urine, bladder, ureteric and renal pelvic washings and brushings, retrograde catheterization of ureters, ...renal pelves, and ileal conduit (described in detail in Chap. 1). These collection techniques, particularly instrumentation, have a significant effect on the makeup of the urinary sediment. Catheterization of the bladder, retrograde catheterization of the ureter and renal pelves and brushings, virtually always, result in removal of urothelial cell clusters that may be mistaken for fragments of urothelial papillary tumors. Thus, a thorough knowledge of the cytologic features observed in the various collection techniques is very important in diagnostic interpretation. Tables 4.1 and 4.2 indicate the advantages and disadvantages and the cytologic appearance of urothelial cells in various specimen-collection methods.
Hybrid models of forest growth and yield Kershaw, John A; Weiskittel, Aaron R; Vanclay, Jerome K ...
Forest Growth and Yield Modeling,
2011, 2011-08-05
Book Chapter
This chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction
Types of hybrid models
Comparison to statistical models
Summary
Navigation
Unmanned Aircraft Systems,
04/2010
Book Chapter
This chapter contains sections titled:
NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS)
TACAN
LORAN C
Inertial Navigation
Radio Tracking
Way‐point Navigation
References
Magnetic resonance(MR) scans were performed on 14 children with a variety of inflammatory disorders of the lungs. MR successfully identified disease in all of the children and accurately localized ...the disease within the lung fields. In patients with pneumonia and lung abscesses the acute inflammation was associated with a marked increase in signal intensity on T2 when compared with T1 weighted images. One patient with an inflammatory pseudotumor demonstrated a smaller increase in signal intensity on T2 weighted images than was seen in acute pneumonia. Abscess cavities were well identified along with the wall thickness. In patients with diffuse lung disease (diffuse histoplasmosis, miliary tuberculosis, Letterer-Siwe disease, and allergic alveolitis), each disease appeared different on the MR images. These preliminary studies indicate that magnetic resonance imaging is effective for identifying pulmonary disease in children and may improve the radiologist's ability to differentiate pulmonary disorders.
This paper presents a theoretical framework to study the effects of geographical factors on the distribution of industries in the world econmy, which consists of many regions. The geographical ...feature of each region is summarized by a proximity matrix, whose elements measure the closeness between every pair of regions, and depend on the parameters representing the transport and other costs of using a variety of trade routes. The main objective is to show how a change in these costs of trade affects the distribution of industries, by amplifying the geographical advantages and disadvantages held by different regions. The results are used not only to examine the effects of an improvement in transport infrastructure, but also to discuss some problems from economic history (mostly Japanese and European), regional economic integration, the nort-south division, and others.
