Recent Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) criminal charges involving standardized testing have renewed public scrutiny over the tests’ role in reproducing inequities and wealth-based privileges. ...Although some continue to call for the eradication of standardized testing, this article presents a different perspective with a threefold purpose. First it provides a critical review of the existing literature on standardized testing including the newest development: geographical bias in testing or the systemic and systematic ways in which place-based resources influence test-takers’ performance. Second, it discusses the goals and consequences of the College Board’s recently unveiled “adversity score,” designed as a tool to “boost admission prospects” of students facing additional challenges in their neighborhoods and schools. Finally, it offers a conceptual and methodological framework and policy insights to shift the role of these tests as reproducers of inequalities to enhancers of equity and opportunity into what is termed true college access: enrollment with realistic prospects of success.
Research has established the importance of early socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage for understanding later life outcomes, but less is known about change in the relationship between ...socioeconomic status (SES) and child development within the period of early childhood. Competing hypotheses drawn from the literature posited: (1) a stable SES-development relationship, (2) a stronger relationship in infancy than at older ages, and (3) a stronger relationship at school entry than at younger ages. Using the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (2001-2007), we followed 8600 children from infancy through kindergarten entry to model change over time in the relationship between socioeconomic status and cognitive and behavioral development. The unexpected main finding was that the relationships between three socioeconomic measures (household income, assets, and maternal educational attainment) strengthened from infancy through age 4 or 41/2, then weakened slightly until the start of kindergarten. Indirect evidence suggested preschool education as one possible explanation. We argue for researchers to expand the school transition concept to include the now widespread prekindergarten year, as well as for attention to psychological and physiological developmental factors that may shape the relationship between SES and cognitive and behavioral development throughout early childhood. Copyright Elsevier Ltd.
Australia's metropolitan cities have undergone significant social, economic and demographic change over the past several decades. In terms of socio‐economic advantage and disadvantage these changes, ...which are often associated with globalisation, wider economic and technological restructuring, the changing demographics of the population and shifts in public policy are not evenly dispersed across cities, but represent a range of often contrasting outcomes. The current paper develops a typology of socio‐economic advantage and disadvantage for locations across Australian metropolitan cities. More specifically, the paper takes a range of Australian Bureau of Statistics data and uses a model‐based approach with clustering of data represented by a parameterised Gaussian mixture model and discriminant analysis utilised to consider the differences between the clusters. These clusters form the basis of a typology representing the range of socio‐economic and demographic outcomes at the local community level.
In this study, network teaching platform of college education is discussed in detail. Not only the update use of network teaching is investigated but also the problems that are encountered by network ...teaching are also discussed to make network teaching become effective methods in college education.
E-learning sve je zastupljeniji na hrvatskim sveučilištima. Njegovom implementacijom u sustavu visokog obrazovanja nastoji se unaprijediti proces studiranja te u tom segmentu napraviti značajniji ...iskorak Republike Hrvatske prema informacijskom društvu i društvu znanja. Pri tome jedan od najvećih problema predstavlja neujednačenost u dosezima uvođenja e-learninga, što se neposredno odražava na stupanj njegovog prihvaćanja među studentskom populacijom. Naime, dok pojedini fakulteti, poglavito oni koji izvode studije iz područja informacijskih i računalnih znanosti, već u velikoj mjeri primjenjuju taj suvremeni koncept učenja i poučavanja, na drugima tek započinju zaživljavati neke njegove osnovne forme. U sustavu hrvatskog visokog obrazovanja još uvijek nije na adekvatan način istraženo kako studenti percipiraju e-learning, odnosno koliko je on među njima akceptiran. Bez obuhvatne analize tog aspekta nije moguće u potpunosti iskoristiti sve njegove potencijale i pravilno oblikovati buduće razvojne strategije. Ovim radom nastojalo se barem u određenoj mjeri popuniti tu prazninu. U analizi su korištene odgovarajuće metode deskriptivne i inferencijalne statistike.
Ce papier étudie comment le développement et ses attributs se distribuent entre les territoires des Hauts-de-France. Pour cela, nous adopterons deux typologies : la première distingue les territoires ...de la région selon leur degré d’urbanité, et la seconde focalise sur l’influence des grands pôles d’emplois. À partir de ces deux typologies, nous montrerons que les espaces ruraux ne perdent pas tous de l’emploi en faveur des principaux pôles urbains, et que les grandes villes (exceptées la métropole lilloise et la partie nord de la métropole parisienne) apparaissent sur ce point dans une situation plus défavorable. Nous présenterons ensuite l’indicateur que nous avons conçu pour mesurer le développement des territoires de la région, puis nous étudierons la distribution des attributs de l’indicateur en reprenant les deux typologies identifiées. Nous verrons que les grands pôles urbains des Hauts-de-France se caractérisent par une défaveur plutôt faible en matière de Transport-Emploi, attirant toujours plus d’emplois, alors que les autres espaces hors rural isolé (en particulier les espaces périurbains) parviennent à tirer leur épingle du jeu dans le domaine du Logement-Environnement, ce qui peut expliquer les forts taux de croissance de la population constatés dans ces communes. Ces résultats montrent qu’il n’existe pas un modèle unique de développement local qui reposerait seulement sur la taille des territoires et sur les économies d’agglomérations offertes par la métropolisation.
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