PURPOSEThe aim of the study was to investigate the tracking of physical activity (PA) from preschool age to adulthood in six age cohorts of males and females.
METHODSA random sample of 3596 boys and ...girls age 3–18 yr participated in the Cardiovascular Risks in Young Finns Study in 1980. The follow-up measurements were repeated in 1986, 1992, 2001, and 2007. The PA was measured by mother’s report in 3- and 6-yr-olds and self-report in 9-yr-olds and older. Tracking of PA was analyzed using the Spearman rank-order correlation and a simplex model.
RESULTSMother-reported PA at age 3 and 6 yr significantly predicted self-reported PA in youth and in young adulthood, and there was a significant indirect effect of mother report on adult PA 2007 in males. Simplex models that fitted the data very well produced higher stability coefficients than the Spearman rank-order correlations showing moderate or high tracking. The tracking was higher in males than that in females.
CONCLUSIONThis study has shown that physically active lifestyle starts to develop very early in childhood and that the stability of PA is moderate or high along the life course from youth to adulthood.
•Varying effects of weather and built environment on bike sharing usage are examined.•The focus is cohort differences among Millennials, Gen Xers and Baby Boomers.•We estimate zero-inflated negative ...binominal models for bike-share trip productions.•NYC’s Citi Bike data are used to estimate trip productions at bike-share stations.•Results reveal varying effects of hypothesized variables on different age cohorts.
There is a growing literature on the changing travel patterns in the United States. The changes are largely driven by the emerging shared-mobility services and the travel behavior of the younger generations. This study builds on an investigation of Millennials’, Gen Xers’ and Baby Boomers’ bike sharing ridership in New York City. This study examines station-level bike share use focusing on whether and how the effects of land-use and built environment vary across different population segments. Using New York’s Citi Bike system data, we develop zero-inflated negative binominal models to estimate hourly trip productions at stations for five age cohorts: younger Millennials (born 1995 to 2000), mid Millennials (1989 to 1994), older Millennials (born 1979 to 1988), Generation Xers (born 1965 to 1978), and Baby Boomers (born 1946 to 1964). Consistent with the literature, our results suggest that weather related variables, land-use and built environment characteristics have significant effects on the overall bike sharing usage. Our findings also reveal variations across age cohorts. For example, intersection density is positively related to younger Millennials’ bike share trip production. However, this factor is not statistically significant for other age groups. Our findings provide valuable insights for planners and policy-makers, and set the basis for improving the understanding of cohort differences in bike sharing demand.
•We assessed fragmentation effects on the genetic diversity of an invasive tree.•Estimated the age of all sampled adult trees in continuous and fragmented sites.•Compared age cohorts by knowing the ...onset of invasion and fragmentation processes.•Genetic diversity was much higher in populations established after fragmentation.•High rates of diverse propagule dispersal by birds may increase genetic diversity.
Current biodiversity changes mostly result from human land-use changes and terrestrial biological invasions. These disturbances are often intermingled as invasive species often colonize fragmented habitats. No research has yet assessed fragmentation effects on the genetic diversity of invasive plant populations, incorporating both the relative onset of the invasion and habitat fragmentation processes. Here, we estimated the age of all sampled adult tree individuals of Glossy privet (Ligustrum lucidum) and assessed the genetic diversity of invasive populations established before and after the major events of habitat loss and fragmentation in the late 1980′s in Sierras Chicas, central Argentina. When considering all the individuals together within each forest condition, regardless of their relative age, we observed a mild but significant lower allelic richness and percent polymorphic loci in populations growing in fragmented conditions. However, when incorporating the relative age of individuals in the model, fragmentation effects are overridden and become non-significant; that is, both pre- and post-fragmentation individual cohorts show similar levels of genetic diversity in both landscape conditions. Interestingly, younger trees showed higher genetic diversity than older cohorts regardless of landscape condition, implying the occurrence of multiple introduction events since its initial spreading. Our results suggest that bird seed dispersal of this invasive tree species provides high connectivity across the landscape, maintaining and even increasing genetic diversity across time and space.
Analisamos comparativamente informes demográficos de qualidade aceitável acerca dos escravizados nascidos na África para Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Maranhão de 1804 a 1848. As parcelas dos nascidos na ...África em relação aos escravizados e às razões de sexo de todos os cativos, de acordo com as idades, auxiliaram-nos a remontar a dinâmica retrospectiva da chegada dos africanos às regiões. Supondo certas hipóteses e procedimentos, a partir das coortes etárias, estimamos as proporções de africanos e as razões de sexo da população cativa para os períodos anteriores aos das listas nominativas de habitantes. A dinâmica retrospectiva da introdução de africanos reconstruída mostrou-se bastante correlacionada à história econômica das diferentes regiões estudadas.
This study aimed to investigate the tracking and changes of steps per day in adults and their determinants over 13 yr.
A total of 2195 subjects (1236 women) 30-45 yr of age were randomly recruited ...from the ongoing Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study in 2007 and were followed up in 2020. Steps per day, including both total and aerobic steps per day, were monitored for seven consecutive days with a pedometer in 2007-2008 and 2011-2012 and with an accelerometer in 2018-2020. Tracking was analyzed using Spearman's correlation. Stability and changes of steps per day over time in both low-active and high-active groups (based on median values) were described by percentage agreements, kappa statistics, and logistic regression. Associations of sex, age, and body mass index with the initial number and changes in steps per day were analyzed using linear growth curve modeling.
Tracking correlations of total steps per day at 4-, 9-, and 13-yr intervals were 0.45-0.66, 0.33-0.70, and 0.29-0.60, while corresponding correlations for aerobic steps per day were 0.28-0.55, 0.23-0.52, and 0.08-0.55, respectively. Percentage agreements were higher than 54%, and kappa statistics ranged from slight to fair over time. Compared with the low-active group, the high-active group at baseline had a higher probability of being active later in adulthood. Female sex and higher age were associated directly with the initial number of steps per day and inversely with changes in the number of steps per day. Body mass index was inversely associated with the initial number of steps per day and changes in the number of total steps per day.
The 13-yr tracking of steps per day in adulthood was found to be low to moderately high. Daily ambulatory activity is essential to maintaining an active lifestyle throughout adulthood. Changes in the amount of adult steps per day vary by sex, age, and BMI.
Prescription tranquilizer/sedative (e.g., alprazolam, zolpidem) misuse (i.e., use in ways not intended by the prescriber or without a prescription) is understudied, with little research identifying ...misuse correlates. Identification of key correlates could identify subgroups more likely to engage in misuse, allowing for targeted treatment. This work examines tranquilizer/sedative use and misuse prevalence rates and misuse correlates across U.S. age cohorts, using nationally representative data.
Data were from the 2015–16 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n = 114,043). Analyses used design-based logistic regression for past-year tranquilizer/sedative misuse correlates across participants or those engaged in past-year use; past-month misuse correlates were also examined in those with past-year misuse.
Young adults (18–25 years) had the highest prevalence of past-year and past-month tranquilizer/sedative misuse, with 42.8% of those with past-year use also engaged in misuse. Mental health correlates were associated with past-year misuse, while substance use, particularly opioid misuse, was associated with both past-year and past-month misuse. Substance use correlate strength was most likely to vary by age group, with older adults (65 years and older) having fewer significant correlates overall.
This work highlighted young adults and those with other substance use as most likely to engage in tranquilizer/sedative misuse. In particular, those endorsing suicidality and reporting opioid misuse are a subgroup of concern, given their especially elevated rates of misuse and the increased risk for overdose imparted by tranquilizer/sedative medication. Workplace-based interventions for young adults and school-based universal prevention may be warranted to limit tranquilizer/sedative misuse in these groups.
•We examined tranquilizer/sedative (T/S) misuse correlates across age cohorts.•Young adults (18–25 years) had the highest past-year prevalence of T/S misuse.•Mental health and substance use correlates were most robustly linked to T/S misuse.•Factors had less robust links to T/S misuse in older adults versus younger groups.•Suicidal ideation was reported by 21% of those endorsing T/S and opioid misuse.
This study investigates the impact of more densely populated urban environments proxied by the number of skyscrapers on the obesity prevalence among young vs. old populations at a US statewide level. ...Obesity is a global pandemic, as well as a major risk factor for a long series of health problems and increased mortality rates. We employ a quadratic model, which relaxes the a priori assumption of the monotonic rise or drop in obesity prevalence with the number of skyscrapers. The outcomes demonstrated a U-shaped curve and a sharper decrease (increase) in the projected obesity prevalence with the number of skyscrapers in the range of 0–147 (147–270) skyscrapers for the old population age cohorts above 65 years old. One possible explanation is the different motivation for physical activity among dissimilar age cohorts. While younger people are focused on maintaining a slim body shape, older people identify with the importance of sports. The public policy outcome of our study is the need to implement different recommendations in dissimilar urban environments based on age cohort stratification. Given that skyscrapers are the manifestation of wealth economics and present the typical characteristics of modern cities, which, in turn, are the future of economic development and productivity, these recommendations might prove to be important.
•We analyse gender-based price differences in the primary Dutch art market and how they vary by cohort.•We divide the sample in three age cohorts: born 1920–1939, 1940–1959 and 1960–1979.•Evidence ...shows that younger cohorts exhibit a smaller gender gap in painting prices.•Much of the gender price difference relates to observable painting characteristics.•No entry-level discriminatory price differences are observed for the youngest cohort.
This study focuses on gender-based price differences across age cohorts in the primary art market, where art is sold for the first time, largely by living artists. This is an area that remains underexplored due to a lack of data on artwork sales. We use an exclusive dataset from the Mondriaan Fund, consisting of 10,922 paintings sold, under the Kunstkoopregeling scheme, by 663 Dutch artists from 2000 to 2010 in the Netherlands. Given the presence of significant unobserved heterogeneity, we use finite mixture models to estimate hedonic painting price equations and to decompose the gender price gap. Additionally, we use the standard Oaxaca–Blinder model to compare our results with a more traditional approach to estimating gender differences. Our findings indicate that the significant gender price imbalance for the oldest cohort is smaller in the second cohort, and is insignificant for the youngest one. The present study provides important implications for understanding gender differentials in labour market outcomes within cultural markets and other creative industries.
Counts of SARS-CoV-2-related deaths have been key numbers for justifying severe political, social and economical measures imposed by authorities world-wide. A particular focus thereby was the ...concomitant excess mortality (EM), i.e. fatalities above the expected all-cause mortality (AM). Recent studies,
by the WHO, estimated the SARS-CoV-2-related EM in Germany between 2020 and 2021 as high as 200 000. In this study, we attempt to scrutinize these numbers by putting them into the context of German AM since the year 2000. We propose two straightforward, age-cohort-dependent models to estimate German AM for the 'Corona pandemic' years, as well as the corresponding flu seasons, out of historic data. For Germany, we find overall negative EM of about -18 500 persons for the year 2020, and a minor positive EM of about 7000 for 2021, unveiling that officially reported EM counts are an exaggeration. In 2022, the EM count is about 41 200. Further, based on NAA-test-positive related death counts, we are able to estimate how many Germans have died
rather than
CoViD-19; an analysis not provided by the appropriate authority, the RKI. Through 2020 and 2021 combined, our due estimate is at no more than 59 500. Varying NAA test strategies heavily obscured SARS-CoV-2-related EM, particularly within the second year of the proclaimed pandemic. We compensated changes in test strategies by assuming that age-cohort-specific NAA-conditional mortality rates during the first pandemic year reflected SARS-CoV-2-characteristic constants.
The Atlantic surfclam (
Spisula solidissima solidissima
) is an economically valuable clam species that supports a major US fishery. Until recently, fishery efforts along the southern edge of the ...surfclam range were low due to clam mortalities there in the 1990s. Recent surfclam fishing efforts off Virginia raised questions of whether the surfclam population has returned in the southern region or if a single cohort is supporting the fishery there. Questions have also arisen about whether
S. s. similis
is among the population fished off the coast of VA.
Spisula solidissima similis
is a warm-water cryptic subspecies of the Atlantic surfclam. Although morphologically indistinguishable,
S. s. similis
grows to a smaller size and is genetically distinct. Atlantic surfclams (
n
= 103) were collected from the fishing grounds off the coast of VA. Each surfclam was aged, and shell length and tissue weight recorded for comparison to surfclams of the same age from the center of the population. Analyses of mitochondrial (mtCOI) sequences suggests that the two groups sampled off VA are genetically homogeneous, both groups contain two divergent mitochondrial lineages, and one surfclam sampled shares the
S. s. similis
mtCOI sequence. There are multiple cohorts of surfclams, suggesting that environmental conditions may have improved for surfclams in the south, or that this population has acclimated to altered conditions. Further research should investigate the potential for subspecies hybridization.
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