Damage to these airways may be present in both asthma , COPD and other bronchiolar diseases with potential limitation of exercise capacity early in the disease course. Conclusions: Lung function ...tests commonly used to identify isolated small airway disease are positive in 3.5-55.9% of patients with respiratory symptoms and normal spirometry.
Investing in concession projects currently requires investors to be rather decisive. There are practically no effective mechanisms for protecting investors, despite the fact that concession ...agreements are most commonly used at emerging markets, which were previously the prerogative of the state. The proposals of state authorities today do not imply amendments to draft concession agreements. State authorities have no intention to enter into negotiations with the auction winners. Practically, concession agreements are used as accession agreements, any improvement in the terms of the concession agreement after the auction may lead to the refusal to sign. The main trend in the field of concessions is that concessionaires are not ready to participate in state and municipal concession projects, and the existing legal and other risks lead to negative consequences not only for stakeholders but also for the population as a whole. The research methodology is a combination of general scientific and particular scientific (logical-legal, comparative-legal, legal modeling) methods of cognition. The conclusions are of practical importance and can be used to develop methods for improving the legal regulation of concession agreements.
There have also been more specific studies about synergistic factors affecting these costs and benefits 4,5. ...if this is the basis for NTW's claim that relatedness is not causal, then we have shown ...that NTW's other parameters are also not causal, because when we force them to be constant, only variation in relatedness matters 1. ...this apparent concession about the importance of relatedness is perplexing, given that Nowak and Allen expend significant effort questioning the details of exactly how we modeled lower relatedness, while continuing to equivocate about the real issue of how relatedness matters.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This article is devoted to the study of some theoretical and practical problems of concluding a conditional agreement in the form of a smart contract. The article defines and characterizes a ...conditional agreement and describes its differences from ordinary transactions. The author analyzes the possibility of expressing conditional agreements in the form of a smart contract, taking into account the features of setting program code, as well as features of the agreement (a condition that the special nature of the rights and obligations of the parties activity). As a result of the research, it was concluded that the conditional transaction structure is ideally suited to the elementary program code for creating a smart contract. However, the condition contained in the transaction must be strictly formalized and expressed in clear values, such as numbers. The main problems that arise when creating a smart contract are also identified: the complexity of getting data from the real world by the system, weak state control, and possible data leakage from the system. Thus, the use of digital technologies is a prospective direction for the development of conditional agreements, but this requires solving both legal and some technical problems.
U članku se daje prilog poznavanju povijesti Balkanske banke d.d. Zagreb od njezina osnutka (1922.) pa sve do formalnoga završetka njezine likvidacije (1948.). Poslovanje banke razvijalo se je u ...početku izuzetno povoljno. U kolovozu 1922. predsjednik banke Dušan Plavšić pozvan je na dužnost pomoćnika ministra financija. Kako je vlada kojoj je Plavšić pripadao u prosincu 1922. dala ostavku, uslijed tadašnjih političkih prilika nastala je novinska kampanja koja je bila uperena i protiv Balkanske banke. Time je taj slučaj dobio i čisto političku konotaciju. Tada je počela propast Balkanske banke. Kontinuiranim napadima novoga ministra financija, radikala Milana Stojadinovića, na Dušana Plavšića, novinskom kampanjom protiv Plavšića i Balkanske banke te katastrofalno izvedenim devizno-čekovnim transakcijama, cjelokupno poslovanje Balkanske banke došlo je u vrlo tešku financijsku situaciju. Krajem 1924. banci je odobrena prinudna nagodba. Na temelju te nagodbe banka je na svojoj izvanrednoj glavnoj skupštini 1925. zaključila likvidaciju. Banka je pravno postojala sve do 1948., kada je nakon praktično formalizirane likvidacije brisana iz trgovačkoga registra Okružnoga suda za grad Zagreb.
Long range forecasts for a period of thirty days ahead have been published twice a month for the past three years ... the Meteorological Office says that results have been slightly better than ...expected ... forecasts are assessed after the event ... and "marks are given for the accuracy of forecasts of temperature, rainfall and additional information".
Esta investigación tiene como principal propósito llevar a cabo un análisis exhaustivo de la impugnación de acuerdos sociales. Esta materia, recurrente en la práctica mercantil, se ha mantenido en ...nuestro Derecho sin demasiados cambios durante mucho tiempo. Sin embargo, en 2014 se llevó a cabo la reforma de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital siendo uno de los puntos más tratados la impugnación de acuerdos sociales. Con la reforma se han introducido múltiples novedades que han unificado y mejorado la situación que existía con anterioridad en lo respectivo a la impugnación de los acuerdos societarios. Se han introducido, así mismo, nuevos límites a la acción de impugnación puesto que lo que busca el legislador es mantener la voluntad común de todos los socios que es el fundamento último por el que se creó la sociedad inicialmente. Así, a lo largo de este proyecto de investigación vemos cuáles son las diferentes novedades y mejoras que aparecen con la reforma operada en 2014 que se encuentran vigentes en la actualidad
Never Ask Why Garvey, Ed; Cascio, Chuck; Page, Judge Alan ...
2023, 2023-01-13
eBook
When pro football players formed a union to stand up against the NFL for their own interests, they chose lawyer Ed Garvey as their Executive Director. The NFL Players Association (NFLPA), would take ...on the NFL over player contracts, collective bargaining agreements, and antitrust suits. It lobbied for players' free agency, contract rights, and impartial arbitration of disciplinary disputes. Garvey navigated strikes, lockouts, scabs, stooges, lies, as well as the sports media complex-to maintain players' dignity. According to the league, the players were to take what they were given and "never ask why." In Never Ask "Why," journalist Chuck Cascio presents the late Garvey's rich account of the early years of the NFLPA, taking readers among the players as they held the league accountable to play fair. Learning from their mistakes, the NFLPA would succeed in curbing commissioner Pete Rozelle's disciplinary power and striking down the Rozelle Rule's absolute control over free agency.Garvey tells the intimate stories of how pro football players, rivals on the field, rallied together to stand up for themselves. He worked tirelessly to change a system that exploited players and even controlled the media. In the end, Garvey shows how the NFLPA transformed the state of pro sports leagues today and how, even still, they work to keep down the players on whose backs they profit.
Mounting pressures on the healthcare system, such as budget constraints and new, costly health technologies reaching the market, have pushed payers and manufacturers to engage in managed entry ...agreements (MEAs) to address uncertainty and facilitate market access.
This study was conducted to illustrate the current landscape of MEAs in Europe and to analyze the main hurdles they face in implementation, providing a policy perspective.
We conducted a health policy analysis based on a literature review and described the emergence, classification, current use, and implementation obstacles of MEAs in Europe.
Throughout Europe, uncertainty and high prices of health technologies have pushed stakeholders towards MEAs. Two main types of MEAs were applied heavily, finance-based agreements (FBAs) and performance-based agreements, including individual performance-based agreements and coverage with evidence development (CED). Service-based agreements have not been as heavily considered so far, yet are increasingly used. Many European countries are turning to CEDs to address uncertainty and facilitate market access while negotiating the pricing and reimbursement rates of products. Despite the interest in CEDs, European countries have moved toward FBAs due to the complexities and burdens associated with PBAs.
Ultimately, in Europe, with the exception of Italy, where MEAs have proven to be inefficient, MEAs are predominantly FBAs dedicated to addressing cost containment from payers’ perspective and external reference pricing from the manufacturers’ perspective. It has been speculated that MEAs will disappear in the medium-term as they are counterproductive for extending patient access and emergence of innovation. To inform value-based decision making and allow early access to innovative medicines, CEDs should be revisited.
•This article begins with a short review of the existing taxonomy of managed entry agreements (MEAs) and includes a history of their implementation. The novelty of the article lies in several highlights, including the introduction of service-based agreements and a proposed structure for their taxonomy, robust literature challenging MEAs’ ability to achieve their goal to address uncertainty, and elaboration on MEAs reintroduced as hidden differential pricing.•In a time when innovative, highly expensive therapies are reaching the market, service-based agreements and establishing the appropriate conditions will be critical to establish sustainable healthcare, rendering this article invaluable for manufacturers seeking faster market access.
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