Introduction: This study aimed to assess the health impacts and economic costs of implementing the scenarios of decommissioning end-of-life cars and motorcycles and equipping buses with soot filters ...in Tehran, one of the largest cities in the Middle East, over a period of ten years (2017-2026) using the AIRQ+ model.
Materials and methods: To start, the emission weights of Particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from the vehicles mentioned in the scenarios were extracted from the Comprehensive National Action Plan for Reducing Air Pollution. Then the concentrations of PM2.5 were calculated using AERMOD. Finally, the AIRQ+ model was used to calculate the health effects of the scenarios over ten years.
Results: The results indicated that implementing the total of three scenarios during ten years led to a reduction in mortality rates due to all causes, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), lung cancer, Acute Lower Respiratory tract Infection (ALRI), Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), and stroke by 14.89%, 6.16%, 31.51%, 19.5%, 16.5%, and 17.38%, respectively. In addition, decommissioning end-of- life cars and motorcycles separately led to a 6.75% and 6.53% reduction in deaths from all causes, 2.54% and 2.46% from COPD, 18.40% and 18.01% from lung cancer, 11.16% and 11% from ALRI, 12.82% and 12.69% from IHD, and 12.12% and 12.96% from stroke.
Conclusion: The results indicate that the implementation of these scenarios during ten years has positive effects on reducing deaths attributed by PM2.5 particles, but due to population growth, it has no effect on reducing economic costs.
Aerospace technology has developed rapidly within the last decade. Facing the future, there is an urgency to balance aerospace technology developments with providing sufficient human resources ...through education, in this context from the perspective of air and space law. From east to west, this article elaborates on air and space law education in four countries with different experiences in aerospace activities, namely China, Thailand, Indonesia, and Italy. The development of higher education in conducting such programs is essential to ensure that the national aerospace industry will never lack proper human resources from its own nationals, including professionals with specific air and space law expertise. Furthermore, higher education has a significant role in bridging the industry with recent developments and advising the government in setting up aviation and space policies, as in the successful case of China and Italy. In the end, this article provides policy recommendations on promoting air and space law in higher education.
The development of aviation market in Southeast Asia after the Covid-19 pandemic is promising. More aircraft are delivered to the Asia-Pacific region, including the Association of South East Asian ...Nations (ASEAN) Member States. The introduction of ASEAN Open Skies (also known as ASEAN Single Aviation Market) a decade earlier together with ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2025 goals for an integrated and cohesive regional economy highlight the importance of a seamless air connectivity. Liberalisation of the airline industry in ASEAN Member States is crucial to restart the airline industry pre-pandemic and to grasp the so-called Asian century momentum. However, ASEAN Member States are reluctant towards liberalisation efforts, maintaining protectionism on both freedoms of the air (traffic rights) as well as foreign direct investment (ownership and control). Existing legal framework at regional level, namely ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS) and ASEAN Trade in Services Agreement (ATISA), only received lukewarm attention from ASEAN Member States. This article discusses the urgency to recall the commitment of a gradual liberalisation based on AFAS and ATISA among the ASEAN Member States, the implementation of which will lead to the establishment of a regional community carrier which benefits ASEAN citizens.
INTRODUCTION.
Achieving the goals of international legal regulation of a particular area of inter-State relations depends mainly on the existence of an effective dispute settlement mechanism. In ...the field of international air law, such powers are attributed to the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (hereinafter - ICAO), established under the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 (hereinafter – the Chicago Convention). The Council's activities in this area cannot be called fruitful. Since the establishment of ICAO in 1947, the Council has not issued a single decision on disputes that have been brought before it. States have proved to be reluctant to use the dispute settlement mechanism established under the Chicago system. This is mainly due to the imperfection of the relevant provisions of the Chicago Convention, which for many years have been the object of criticism in international legal doctrine. Moreover, the provisions of the Chicago Convention do not answer the question regarding the legal nature of the Council as a dispute settlement body and the limits of its competence. The issue of the Council's competence has been considered twice by the International Court of Justice of the United Nations (hereinafter - ICJ). The judgments issued by the ICJ have not, in our view, resolved the existing legal problems but instead have contributed to further ambiguity. Furthermore, this topic has become especially relevant in light of the fact that in March 2022 the Netherlands and Austria initiated a dispute settlement procedure in the Council under Article 84 of the Chicago Convention against Russia for the downing of Malaysian civil aircraft in 2014. In these circumstances, the Council's de facto role in resolving international civil aviation disputes needs to be clarified.
MATERIALS AND METHODS.
This paper examines the provisions of the Chicago international legal regime governing dispute settlement in the Council. The authors also analyse the established State practice in the application of Chapter XVIII of the Chicago Convention. Particular attention is given to legal doctrine, where several international legal concepts emerge to resolve existing legal problems. The methodological basis consists of general scientific and special research methods, including analysis, synthesis, systematisation, as well as formal-legal, formallogical and critical-legal methods.
RESEARCH RESULTS.
The Council as a dispute settlement body has a dual legal nature. This is reflected in the fact that in procedural terms the Сouncil is similar to international judicial bodies in many aspects, but a number of features concerning the composition of the Council and the opportunity to appeal the decision issued prevent it from qualifying as a judicial body. This calls into question the power of the Council to issue legally binding deci-sions and the existence of its jurisdiction per se. State and Council practice also confirms that the Council under Chapter XVIII of the Chicago Convention acts as a mediator, which contrasts with the recent decision of the ICJ on the Qatar Air Blockade case, under which the Council has jurisdiction. Moreover, the Chicago Convention provides sanctions for non-compliance with Council decisions, which does not allow the Council to be considered as a mediator. Equally controversial was the ICJ finding that the Council, in settling disputes arising from the Chicago Convention (the Transit Agreement or other treaties), could examine issues outside their scope.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.
The unclear legal status of the Council as a dispute settlement body, which was promoted by the controversial decision of the ICJ on the Qatar Air Blockade case, makes the mechanism under Chapter XVIII of the Chicago Convention highly ineffective. It is doubtful that states, consistently seeking legal certainty, would initiate proceedings in the Council under the existing international legal framework. As a result of the analysis of international legal concepts that propose the modernisation of the Chicago Convention dispute settlement mechanism, the authors conclude that either the establishment of a permanent arbitral institution within the structure of ICAO or the modification of the text of Chapter XVIII of the Chicago Convention so that the ICAO Council would act only as a mediator would be the preferable options. The authors share the position of lawyers who point to the need to negotiate new universal international law norms in the field of air law.
Recognizing a need for legal coordination between air law and space law at various levels and focusing on unique aspects of the operation and use of commercial spaceports (CS), this article aims to ...clarify CS's legal challenges by studying the issues of definition, liability, and ICAO's regime. It concludes with a proposal to build a single seamless regulatory framework for commercial space transport with a “flow corridor” type of conceptual zone for safe CS activities.
In 2018–2019, Malaysia and Singapore were embroiled in a dispute over the southern Johor airspace, one of the world's busiest air routes. The Malaysian government objected to the instrument landing ...system procedures for Seletar Airport, newly implemented by Singapore, citing violations of its sovereignty and international law principles. Under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's leadership, Malaysia unilaterally closed the southern Johor airspace and demanded to regain control over it. This study employs an interdisciplinary approach to international legal studies to examine the Malaysia–Singapore airspace dispute in the southern Johor region, analyzing it within the context of international law and relations, and evaluating both its legal and political aspects. Upon reviewing international legal materials related to the dispute, the study finds that the conflict over southern Johor airspace is not fundamentally legal in nature; instead, it is predominantly political, driven by the change in leadership in Putrajaya, which intensified the aerial conflict between the two countries.
Transportation of both passengers and goods, in URT, has become a very important and paramount issue since the inception and commencement of the air aviation law in URT and the world in general. ...Several attempts have been made by partners’ states, that in the beginning, started and initiated a milestone journey to the point where the aviation law regime has reached today. The enactment of international laws governing the aviation industry had gone through several stages. With several challenges encountered and evidenced for several years, transportation of passengers and goods has become a must and paramount. URT as a party to several international air rules and Conventions, aircraft from within and outside URT, have utilized both domestic as well international conventions in ensuring that passengers and goods are transported within and all over the world and their safety and life are well safeguarded through air laws applicable within URT. This research article is aimed at examining various international conventions applicable to URT. The article generally attempts at showing the historical evidence on the carriage of passengers through various conventions to which URT is a party, and how transportation of passengers and goods has become possible. The research article also covers the issues of liabilities for air carriers operating in URT with a special focus on the Conventions that are applicable in URT and the extent of compensation that those Conventions guarantee as a result of personal or bodily injuries or loss of passengers’ goods that seem to be harmonized with current domestic aviation laws in URT.
Advances in aerospace technology especially in the 20 century unveiled a new kind of aircraft as (remotely piloted aircraft) which is deployed in military and civil application. In recent years, the ...civil usage of this aircraft has influential advancement and with no doubt in the future, this new technology will have a great advancement. Some believe that by inventing and increasing the use of this new technology and taking into account the capabilities of these aircraft, the aerospace has become a serious concern and a potential threat to civil rights. Almost all countries are encountered with the same challenges with the use of RPA and their impact on the privacy rights of people. In this article, the effect of the use of RPA on the privacy of the people and the necessity observance of this right at the time of concluding of regulations on the operation of the mentioned aircraft considering the economic and social benefits of the deployment of this technology, are considered and emphasized.
International Court of Justice on the jurisdiction of the International Civil Aviation Organization Council, and the scope of appeal from that body to the ICJ. International Civil Aviation ...Organization-jurisdiction and admissibility-precondition of negotiation-due process-ICJ's appellate function-annulment. Appeal relating to the jurisdiction of the ICAO Council under article 84 of the 'Convention on International Civil Aviation'. Appeal relating to the jurisdiction of the ICAO Council under Article ii, section 2, of the '1944 International Air Services Transit Agreement'., International Civil Aviation Organization-jurisdiction and admissibility-precondition of negotiation-due process-ICJ's appellate function-annulment.
PDF
