Trade in Zimbabwe Newfarmer, Richard; Pierola, Martha Denisse
2015., 2015, 5-26-2015, 2015-05-22
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In Zimbabwe trade has been a driver of economic growth, rising incomes, and progressive empowerment of Zimbabweans through rising standards of living and the promise of better jobs. Since 1980, ...through good years and bad years, increases in exports have been positively associated with increases in national income. Zimbabwe's location and resource base, together with a low- cost but relatively well educated labor force, have endowed it with a naturally high trade ratio built on a diversified base that facilitates using trade as an engine of growth. While trade volumes have rebounded smartly from the deep recession of 2007-2008, these do not offset other worrisome longer- term trends: 1) export growth during the last decade has been lackluster and failed to drive high growth; 2) agricultural exports, other than tobacco, have lost their once dominant role in the region, and are no longer a source of diversification; 3) manufacturing has withered in a continuing secular decline; and 4) Zimbabwe's export basket has become less diversified and more dependent on a narrow range of mineral and, to a lesser extent, agricultural products. In short, exports have become less diversified, less-technologically sophisticated, and less labor-intensive, and ever more dependent on a few large mining activities to provide foreign exchange and employment. This report traces the roots of this poor performance to several policy issues: poor predictability of macroeconomic policy and economic governance has created an unfavorable climate for private investment and trade; a tariff structure that dampens export profitability; industrial policies (indigenization policy in particular) that undermine investor confidence and inhibits private investment; and finally, competition-limiting policies toward services that limit connectivity of Zimbabweans and raise trade costs. The good news arising from the study is that the remedies for these policy shortcomings lie in Zimbabwean hands. If the government were to adopt reforms that reconfigure economy-wide incentives and trade and industrial policies, it could promote sustained growth, economic diversification and empowerment of poor people.
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the air transportation system, its structure, its reliability, and its dynamics. Passengers have in turn significantly adapted their behavior. Through a ...case study at Paris-Charles de Gaulle airport, the present paper examines the new traffic network, the fact that delays remain high despite a drop in flight volume, the significant decrease in aircraft load factors and the change in passenger behavior at the airport.
Code share agreements, whereby an airline can market seats on some of its partners' flights, have been a common practice in the airline industry for the past thirty years. The quantitative analysis ...is very valuable for China civil aviation to research the economics of code sharing. In this paper, based on relevant assumptions, the Maximum Profit Function (MPF) among different code sharing options has been established , in which the optimum fare can be gained to calculate the airlines maximum profit. Then the results would be tested by the air passengers' welfare function. Finally, the method is applied in practice successfully.
Using questionnaire Survey data, this paper employed the model of structural similarity coefficient to analyze the transportation choice mechanism of passengers, and then take air passengers as an ...example, established the factors affecting model of passengers' travel choice based on ordinal-logit technique. The research shows that price, time, comfort and freedom are the four basic factors for passenger travel alternatives. According to passenger's similar decisionmaking mechanism of supply and demand, passengers select transportations on the basis of the similarity coefficient between passenger demand structure and traffic supply structure. Age and gender is passenger's physical attributes, but their impact on passenger travel choice willingness is not significant, Education and income level have significant positively impact, especially the income levels. In terms of "time value", the influence of education level and income levels also reached significant level. In addition to age, other factors have significant impact on proportion and frequency by plane.
Results are presented of a study of consumers' satisfaction with an international airport. A facet theory approach is adopted in research design and data analysis and the results are presented in ...relation to previous facet theory-guided research into design evaluation. Opportunity-sampled passengers (N = 115) arriving or departing air passengers returned completed and usable questionnaires. Analysis revealed the air passengers questioned were generally satisfied with the airport. Similarity structure analysis (SSA) provided support for the 'general mapping sentence for place experience' which was used to design the questionnaire. The mapping sentence has been developed in the literature through demonstrating a common structure to place evaluation which consists in facets of referent, focus and level. The referent facet composed elements of service, spatial and comfort; a focus facet with contained elements of primary and ancillary; and a level facet was independently present with elements of direct and indirect levels of contact. The paper concludes by developing a mapping sentence for airport design evaluation.
THOMPSON A. and CAVES R. (1993) The projected market share for a new small airport in the North of England, Reg. Studies
27, 137-147. Sheffield is hoping to have a short take-off and landing airport ...open for business by 1993. Its use will depend on its ability to recapture local traffic which currently uses other existing airports. A behavioural choice model has been calibrated on the actual airport choice made in 1983 by travellers who started their trips within an hour of Sheffield's airport site. This model has been used to predict Sheffield's market share for a range of frequencies and fares. It is shown that comparable frequencies need to be offered to those at the competitive airports if the new airport is to recapture the majority of the traffic generated in its own hinterland. Fare and aircraft size are much less important, at least for business traffic.
THOMPSON A. et CAVES R. (1993) La part de marché prévue d'un nouvel aéroport local dans le Nord d'Angleterre, Reg. Studies
27, 137-147. Sheffield envisage d'inaugurer un aéroport à décollage et à atterrissage court début 1993. Son taux d'utilisation dépendra de sa capacité de reconquérir le trafic local qui utilise actuellement d'autres aéroports. Un modèle des choix de comportements a été calibré à partir du choix d'aéroport fait en 1983 par des passagers dont le trajet a commencé à une heure de l'emplacement de l'aéroport de Sheffield. On s'est servi de ce modèle afin de prévoir la part de marché de Sheffield en fonction d'un éventail de fréquences et de tarifs. On démontre que Sheffield devra offrir des fréquences comparables à celles des aéroports concurrentes si le nouvel aéroport va réussir à reconquérir la plupart du trafic engendré dans son propre arrière-pays. Du moins pour le trafic commercial le niveau des tarifs et les dimensions des avions s'avèrent moins importants.
THOMPSON A. Und CAVES R. (1993) Projektion des Marktanteils für einen neuen Kleinflughafen im Norden Englands, Reg. Studies
27, 137-147. Sheffield hofft, bis 1993 einen Flughafen mit kurzen Start-und Landebahnen operationsfähig zu haben. Seine Nutzung wird davon abhängen, inwieweit es ihm gelingt, den Ortsverkehr wieder an sich zu ziehen, der z. Zt. andere, bereits bestehende Flughäfen benutzt. Die tatsächliche Wahl des Flughafens, die Reisende aus einem einstündigen Umkreis des Sheffielder Flughafenstandorts im Jahre 1983 für ihre Reisen trafen, wurde für die Eichung eines Modells der Verhaltenswahl und seine Anwendung zur Vorhersage des zu erwartenden Marktsanteils Sheffields bei verschiedenen Flugfrequenzen und Preisen benutzt. Es wird gezeigt, dass das Angebot der Flugfrequenzen denen konkurrierender Flughäfen vergleichbar sein muss, wenn es dem neuen Flughafen gelingen soll, den Grossteil des Verkehrs aus seinem eigenen Hinterland wieder an sich zu ziehen. Preise und Flugzeuggrösse sind von sehr viel geringerer Bedeutung, wenigstens für den Geschäftsverkehr.
* This paper is based on Amanda Thompson's project as part of an MSc programme in the Department of Transport Technlogy, Loughborough University.
The purpose of this study is to explain spatial distribution patterns of air passengers in Japan and their regional differences, and to investigate why regional differences occurred in the Haneda ...airporthinterland. Factor analysis is applied to 28 variables which reveal socio-economic characteristics for the hinterland. Multiple regression analysis is conducted, in which the independent variables are factor scores obtained from the factor analysis and the dependent variables are the number of airpassengers. The data on air passengers for this study are from the Air Passenger Movement Surveyin 1983 conducted by the Civil Aviation Bureau, Ministry of Transport. The results of these analysesare summarized as follows: 1. A number of air passengers were generated and absorbed in areas, including large cities, located around the airport. In the Haneda airport hinterland, there were many areas where a number of air passengers originated. 2. The degree of urbanity had the strongest relation with spatial distribution of air passengers in the hinterland. Many passengers were also generated and absorbed in areas where commerce was dominant and the ratios of service establishments and of elderly persons were high. 3. Regional attributes closely related to the distribution pattern of passengers for business were different from those related to the distribution of passengers who traveled for recreation. In particular, the regional attribute related most strongly to dominance of air passengers traveling for business was the existence of large-scale shops rather than the degree of urbanity. In the hinterland, large numbers of air passengers were generally generated and absorbed in areas around the airport, where the degree of urbanity was high and the ratio of passengers traveling for business was also high. In areas far from the airport, lower degrees of urbanity and high ratios of passengers traveling for recreation were observed.
Code-share alliances have become aprominent feature in the competitive land-scape of the airline industry. In this paper, based on relevant assumptions, the maximum profit function (MPF) among ...different code sharing options has been established, in which the optimum fare can be gained to calculate the airlines maximum profit. Then the results would be tested by the air passengers' welfare function. Finally, the method is applied in practice successfully.
In this paper, based on relevant assumptions, the maximum profit function (MPF) among different code sharing options has been established , in which the optimum fare can be gained to calculate the ...airlines maximum profit. Then the results would be tested by the air passengerspsila welfare function. Finally, the method is applied in practice successfully.
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