Studies in air transport geography are generally focused on air passenger flows between the airports. This study focuses on the areas from which air passengers are generated and into which they are ...absorbed in other words, airport hinterlands. The purpose of this study is to delineate existing airport hinterlands based on domestic air passenger movements in Japan, and then, to clarify the internal structure of each of these hinterlands by studying the characteristics of air passenger flows. The data for this study were derived from the Air Passenger Movements Basic Survey conducted on the 5th of November, 1931 by the Civil Aviation Bureau Ministry of Trans-port. Okinawa prefecture and the islands far from mainland are not considered in this study due to the inavailability of detailed data. The number of unit areas is 1, 204. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1. The total number of hinterlands derived from this analysis is 37. The area of these hinterlands varies from one city to a number of prefectures, in which a single city is identified as small-scale hinterland and the other one as a large-scale hinterland in Japan. Particularly, airport hinterlands of Haneda and Osaka occupy more than five prefectures, where they are located in concentrated economic centers. 2. 1, 204 unit areas are classified into five groups according to characteristics of air pas-sengers by using factor and cluster analyses. Among these five groups, one is particularly complicated. Therefore, this paper only attempts to explain the internal structure of the hinterlands of four groups. The hinterlands of Haneda, Nagoya and Osaka airports are identified as C-group, which is distinguished by air passengers for leisure, and D-group, which is for business. Most local airport hinterlands are constructed as A-group or B-group. In these hinterlands, many air passengers move to and from the Kansai and Chukyo regions or the Kanto region. However, there are also a few unit areas in which many air passengers move to and from different regions in the airport hinterlands which connect many airports. 3. Airport hinterlands in Japan can also be classified into the following six types. (1) Kanto-connected type I: An internal structure of this type indicates a single pattern characterized by air passengers to and from the Kanto region. (2) Kansai, Chukyo-connected type I: In this type, many passengers move to and from the Kansai and Chukyo regions. Therefore, the internal structure of this type also indicates a single pattern. (3) Local-connected type : Air passengers who are generated from and absorbed into the hinterlands of this type move to and from a particular city or region. Its internal structure also indicates a single pattern. (4) Kanto-connected type II: Hinterlands areas of this type are composed of A and B-groups in which the areas for B-group are larger than A-group. Furthermore, these areas expand radially from the airport. (5) Kansai, Chukyo-connected type II: Many air passengers move to and from the Kanto region as well as the Kansai and Chukyo regions in the hinterlands of this type. In other words, the hinterlands areas of this type are composed of B and A-groups. A circular structure is also observed in these areas. (6) The national type: In this type, air passengers move to and from many different regions. These hinterlands areas are composed of C and D-groups and are dominated by air passengers both for business and leisure. Moreover, areas characterized by air passengers for business are surrounded by areas for leisure. Therefore, an internal system of this type also reveals a radial pattern. Hinterlands belonging to the national type are distributed in Central Japan. In the east, hinterlands of Kanto-connected type I and II dominate, and in the west, hinterlands of Kansai, Chukyo-connected type I and II dominate.
The World Bank's publication Border Management Modernization (2011) provides policymakers and reformers with a comprehensive 'whole of government' perspective on improving trade facilitation through ...better border management. This reference and implementation guide has been developed to supplement the information provided in the World Bank publication. Specifically, it builds on the contents of chapter six (Core border management disciplines: risk-based compliance management) and chapter eleven (Reform instruments, tools, and best practice approaches) by providing: an introduction to the key issues associated with the practical implementation of a modern risk-based compliance management regime in border management agencies; a step-by-step method of establishing a compliance management approach in a border management agency; practical examples covering a range of border management activities to illustrate the methodology; and useful tips to help identify and rationalize or eliminate resource intensive, time consuming and ineffective regulatory processes. Proper border management is critical to the cost effectiveness of international trade transactions and the smooth flow of legitimate goods and people from the perspective of both the public and private sectors. Risk management is at the heart of border management efficiency and effectiveness and is the key to achieving the balanced approach. The most important consideration from a risk management perspective is to ensure that the relevant risk has been properly identified, to avoid the possibility of introducing extraneous variables into the subsequent risk management decision making process.
The aim of this study is to clarify distribution and flow patterns of air passengers from Okayama to Shanghai in the Chugoku and Shikoku District. The data on air passengers for this study are based ...on the survey in 2000by the author. The results of this study are summarized as follows: (1) There were many air passengers for Shanghai in big cities located around Okayama Airport, such as Okayama and kurashiki. The passengers were also generated in Kagawa Prefecture. Therefore, Seto-Ohashi Bridge expanded the sphere of the influence of Okayama Airport. Some passengers came from areas which may compete with Hiroshima Airport, such as Fukuyama and Hiroshima. (2) After getting off planes at Shanghai Airport, all passengers moved to the cities located in the eastern part of China. There wasn't any passengers moving to other countries. Many passengers moved to Shanghai. Some passengers visited Beijing or Nanjing. And, analyzing the relationship between the destinations of passengers and travel purposes, the author made it clear that there were two types of cities: one was the cities that passengers visited on business, and the other was the cities that passengers visited for sightseeing. (3) Finally, analyzing the relationship between the number of the destinations of passengers and travel purposes, the author made it clear that the passengers for sightseeing had many destinations and passengers on business had one destination.
Malawi sits amid a vibrant Travel and Tourism (T&T) region that is growing rapidly and increasing its world market share. Proximate to countries with thriving T&T sectors, Malawi has a relatively ...underdeveloped diversity of natural, cultural, and man-made attractions. It is challenged to embrace effective policies that will enable public and private sector alignment to achieve a viable niche as an economically productive, multi experience destination in its own right. It is important to view tourism as a national priority across sectors and ministries in Malawi. Thus, there is the need to better understand the economic potential of Malawi's T&T sector and recommend strategies to promote a level of competitiveness that leads to further economic growth, employment generation, and poverty reduction. The goal is to identify the economic potential of T&T in Malawi. The objective of T&T in Malawi is to delivering economic growth and diversification is to analyze the value of T&T in Malawi.
Airport terminals are facilities that provide a variety of activities related to both the preparation of the passengers for their air trip (aeronautical) and their free time inside the terminal ...(non-aeronautical). In the last years, the number of non-aeronautical activities has substantially increased and significantly diversified both before and after the security checkpoint. The established role of non-aeronautical activities forces planners and managers to better understand passenger behavior. The potential of discrete choice models for the exploration of passenger behavior is analyzed in this paper. For the demonstration of the methodology, Lisbon Humberto Delgado International airport is used as a case study. Data is collected through a revealed and stated preference survey inside the terminal at the area before the security checkpoint. Activity-choice models are developed to identify the factors that affect the choices of the passengers over the area where they conduct non-aeronautical activities. Forecasts show that when increasing the percentage of passengers who conduct the check-in online and have planned their activities before arriving at the airport, the passengers’ preferences to conduct non-aeronautical activities only after the security checkpoint increase. This paper shows the contribution of developing discrete choice models in the better comprehension of passenger decisions over the activities they perform in an airport terminal.
•Modeling passenger behavior in airport terminals through discrete choice models.•Passenger non-aeronautical activities in the airport area before and after security.•Activity choices are affected by personal, trip, airport and time-related aspects.•Online channels and passenger information enhance activities after security control.
This report is designed to provide policymakers with estimates of the likely outcomes of an array of potential changes in transportation sector policy. To this end, the report uses a variety of ...economy-wide models to simulate alternative cost reductions and efficiency improvements. A detailed discussion of the various policies that may yield efficiency gains and cost reductions, as well as the specifics of their implementation, is beyond the scope of the report. The report is structured to move from a general description of Brazil's transportation sector to more specific analyses and simulations of individual and concerted changes. The first chapter sets the stage by providing a summary discussion of Brazil's transportation sector that includes both an overview of its historical development and a look at the recent evolution of government policies. In the second chapter, the fiscal and economic effects of shifts in public investment between alternative and competing transportation modes (roads, railroads, and waterways) are simulated using a fixed-price input-output model. The report's third chapter uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the effects of cost reductions in land transportation on macroeconomic variables and income distribution. The fourth chapter uses a multiregional CGE model to simulate the effects of port efficiency improvements on regional economic development (including short- and long-term growth, employment, and welfare). The fifth chapter uses a similar model to analyze the national and state-level impacts of two federal highway projects in the state of Minas Gerais in terms of economic growth, regional inequalities, employment, and poverty. The last chapter summarizes the findings and provides conclusions and recommendations.
In recent years, domestic and international air passenger markets have expanded steadily around the world with the rapid growth of low cost carriers and aggressive route expansion; however, the ...unprecedented crisis caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in greatly decreased air travel and an uncertain future for the aviation industry. The present study examined South Korean passengers, airlines, and government policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, and it suggests policy directions for the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. Air passengers respond to internal and external factors, and their demand for travel will increase with the reduction in global COVID cases and vaccine distribution. South Korean airlines have used various means to overcome decreased passenger numbers, such as domestic route transitions, freight transportation expansion, and mergers and acquisitions; Korean Air recorded a profit through its foray into cargo transport in 2020. The Korean government is trying to curb the spread of COVID-19 and help the industry to recover by establishing an airport quarantine system at Incheon international airport. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, it is necessary to continuously monitor the responses of passengers, industry, and governments and to share relevant information.
•Study on the COVID-19 impact on airlines, passengers and government policies.•Air passengers respond very sensitively to internal and external environments.•Airlines need to diversify their business models and strategies.•Monitoring the response of the passengers, industry, and governments and to share relevant information with each other.
Administered a 28-item questionnaire to 127 airline passengers at Columbus International Airport, Ohio, which was then factor analyzed and rotated to orthogonal hierarchical structure. Results ...indicate that passengers did respond differentially to items concerning their reactions to hypothetical skyjacking situations and airport security measures when items were couched in terms of willingness to fly as contrasted to probability of actually taking a given flight. Subgroups were differentiated by 1 or more of the following variables: age, sex, enjoyment of flying, distance to destination, and the extent of their dislike for buses. Other than buses, preferred modes of travel appeared relatively unrelated to favorableness or unfavorableness of passenger reactions.
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