As previously reported for for solventless reactions, gold nanoparticles supported on ceria are also excellent general heterogeneous catalysts for the aerobic oxidations of alcohols in organic ...solvents. Among organic solvents it was found that toluene is a convenient one. A systematic study on the influence of the particle size and gold content on the support has established that the activity correlates linearly with the total number of external gold atoms, and with the surface coverage of the support. Amongst catalysts with different supports, but similar gold particle size and content, gold on ceria exhibits the highest activity. By means of a kinetic study (influence of σ+ parameter, kinetic isotopic effect, temperature, alcohol concentration and oxygen pressure) a mechanistic proposal consisting of the formation of metal–alcoholate, β‐hydride shift from carbon to metal and MH oxidation has been proposed that explains all experimental results.
Even nanoparticles need gold: The mechanism of alcohol oxidation by gold nanoparticles supported on nanoparticulated ceria, a general catalyst for aerobic alcohol oxidation (see scheme), has hydride transfer as the rate‐determining step.
During the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath, numerous researchers have investigated the societal impacts of the pandemic, the resulting changes of which continue to be integral parts of people's ...lives. Generally, it can be stated that individuals' health behaviors have significantly transformed due to the restrictions. In our study, we examined Hungarian adults (n=336), focusing on assessing their experiences related to harmful addictions, mental health, and maintaining social relationships. The respondents reported that over half of them communicated and/or met with acquaintances and friends less during the pandemic. 72% of the respondents reported smoking the same amount, while 36% consumed the same amount of alcohol as before the pandemic. Regarding harmful addictions (alcohol consumption and smoking), a proportional relationship was found between the frequencies of the two variables. Those who smoked more than before the pandemic also consumed alcohol more frequently, and this trend was also observed in the decrease in frequencies. Respondents who did not experience changes in their smoking habits also held similar views on alcohol consumption. Women respondents exhibited greater emotional fluctuation than male respondents when asked about the frequency of experiencing depression and feelings of hopelessness. Overall, the majority of participants (54.8%) experienced worsened mental health due to the pandemic, and it was found that the adverse effects of the pandemic period were more pronounced on women's (60.3%) mental health compared to men’s (46.2%).
A COVID-19 világjárvány idején, s az azt követő időszakban is számos kutató foglalkozott a pandémia a társadalomra gyakorolt hatásival, mely változások mai napig szerves részét képezik a lakosság életének. Általánosságban elmondható, hogy a korlátozásoknak köszönhetően jelentősen átformálódott az egyének egészségmagatartása. Kutatásunkban a megkérdezett magyar felnőtteket (n=336) vizsgáltuk, ahol a fókuszban a célcsoport társas kapcsolatok fenntartásával kapcsolatos tapasztalatainak felmérése állt, a káros szenvedéllyel, lelki egészséggel és a szociális faktorokat tekintve. A kapott eredmények alapján elmondható, hogy a megkérdezettek több mint fele kevesebbet kommunikált és/vagy találkozott az ismerőseivel, barátaival a pandémia idején. A válaszadók 72%-a arról számolt be, hogy jelenleg ugyanannyit dohányzik, míg 36%-uk ugyanannyi alkohol fogyasztott, mint a világjárványt megelőző időszakban. A káros szenvedélyek (alkoholfogyasztás és dohányzás) tekintetében a két változó gyakoriságai között arányosság fedezhető fel. Akik többet dohányoztak, mint a járvány megjelenése előtt, gyakrabban fogyasztottak alkoholt is, s ez igaznak bizonyult a gyakoriságok csökkenésében is. Azon válaszadók, akik a dohányzási szokásaikat tekintve nem tapasztaltak változást, alkoholfogyasztás tükrében is hasonlóan vélekedtek. A megkérdezett nők nagyobb érzelmi kilengést mutattak, mint a férfi válaszadók, amikor a depresszió, reményvesztettség érzések megjelenésének gyakoriságáról kérdeztük őket. A résztvevők túlnyomó többségének (54,8%) összességében romlott a lelki egészsége a pandémia hatására, s a nemek tükrében megállapításra került, hogy a járvány ínséges időszaka inkább a nők (60,3%) lelki egészségére volt negatív hatással, a férfiakkal (46,2%) szemben.
Background: The aim of the current study was to assess the prevalence of the (problematic) consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis as well as the (problematic) use of social media, e‑products, ...computer games, and gambling among apprentices. Method: Cross-sectional survey of 4591 apprentices at 17 vocational schools from Bavaria, Schleswig-Holstein, and Hamburg. Data was collected using questionnaires between March 2021 and April 2022. The primary endpoints were the 30-day prevalence and the problematic consumption and usage behavior of the mentioned substances/behaviors using screening instruments. Results: Among the assessed substances/behaviors, social media were used most frequently by the apprentices with a 30-day prevalence of 97.7%, followed by alcohol (64.3%) and computer games (55.8%). Cigarettes were consumed by 35.1%, e‑products by 17.9%, and cannabis by 15.4% of the apprentices. Of the apprentices, 12.2% reported having gambled in the past 30 days. Rates of problematic use were 47.4% for alcohol, 18.0% for tobacco, 6.2% for e‑products, and 1.6% for cannabis. Problematic use of social media was indicated by 45.0% of the apprentices, of gambling by 2.2%, and of computer games by 0.7%. Discussion: These results suggest that apprentices constitute a risk group for problematic substance use, indicating increased need for intervention. In particular, secondary prevention efforts in the areas of alcohol and social media should be taken into consideration due to their widespread prevalence in the vocational school setting.
Zusammenfassung: HINTERGRUND: Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Erfassung der Verbreitung des (problematischen) Konsums von Alkohol, Tabak und Cannabis sowie der (problematischen) Nutzung sozialer Medien, von E‑Produkten, Computerspielen und Glücksspielen unter Auszubildenden. Methode: Querschnittliche Befragung von 4591 Auszubildenden an 17 beruflichen Schulen in Bayern, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg. Die Datenerhebungen mittels Fragebogen erfolgten zwischen März 2021 und April 2022. Die primären Endpunkte waren die 30-Tages-Prävalenz und das problematische Konsum- und Nutzungsverhalten der genannten Substanzen/Verhaltensweisen auf Basis von Screening-Instrumenten. Ergebnisse: Soziale Medien wurden mit einer 30-Tages-Prävalenz von 97,7 % am häufigsten von den Auszubildenden genutzt, gefolgt von Alkohol (64,3 %) und Computerspielen (55,8 %). Zigaretten wurden von 35,1 %, E‑Produkte von 17,9 % und Cannabis von 15,4 % konsumiert. Glücksspiele betrieben 12,2 % der Auszubildenden. Ein problematischer Konsum lag für Alkohol bei 47,4 %, für Tabak bei 18,0 %, für E‑Produkte bei 6,2 % und für Cannabis bei 1,6 % der Auszubildenden vor. Eine problematische Nutzung sozialer Medien wiesen 45,0 % der Auszubildenden auf, bei Glücksspiel waren 2,2 % und bei Computerspielen 0,7 % betroffen. Diskussion: Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass es sich bei Auszubildenden um eine Risikogruppe für Suchtprobleme handelt, die erhöhten Interventionsbedarf aufweist. Vor allem Angebote der Sekundärprävention in den Bereichen Alkohol und soziale Medien sollten aufgrund ihrer weiten Verbreitung im Setting Berufsschule beachtet werden.
A selection of cobalt(I) and cobalt(II) pincer type complexes with different substitution patterns was tested in the catalytic reduction of carboxylic acid esters to alcohols. The cobalt pincer type ...complex 4 is suitable for the hydrogenation of aromatic as well as aliphatic and cyclic esters. Mechanistic investigation indicated a metal ligand cooperated reaction pathway.
An efficient cobalt PNP pincer type catalyst has been developed for the catalytic reduction of carboxylic acid esters to alcohols. The cobalt pincer type complex was made that is suitable for the hydrogenation of numerous aromatic as well as aliphatic and cyclic esters. Mechanistic investigation indicated a metal ligand cooperated reaction pathway.
Alcohols are promising sustainable starting materials because they can be obtained from abundant and indigestible biomass. The substitution of expensive noble metals in catalysis by earth abundant 3d ...metals, such as Mn, Fe, or Co, (nonprecious or base metals) is a related key concept with respect to sustainability. Here, we report on the first cobalt‐catalyzed alkylation of secondary alcohols with primary alcohols. Easy‐to‐synthesize and easy‐to‐activate PN5P‐pincer‐ligand‐stabilized Co complexes developed in our laboratory mediate the reaction most efficiently. The catalysis is applicable to a broad substrate scope and proceeds under relatively mild conditions. We have even demonstrated the coupling of a variety of purely aliphatic alcohols with a base or nonprecious metal catalyst. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction follows the borrowing hydrogen or hydrogen autotransfer concept.
It is all about the alCohol: The first cobalt catalyst for the alkylation of secondary alcohols with primary alcohols is reported. The system requires mild conditions with a high substrate scope, even for aliphatic motifs, and yields of the isolated products of up to 80 %.
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•Edible & non-edible vegetable oil, animal fat oil, waste oil and alcohol based biodiesels were analysed.•Twenty-four biodiesel fuel can be used in a diesel engine without much ...modification in operating parameter.•Diesel RK software was used and emissions parameters were studied.•Biodiesels showed less NOX, PM and smoke emission exhausted from five categories of biodiesel.
In previous years, unconventional fuel studies have been conducted by many researchers through their experimental work and numerical simulation. Running down of fossil fuel raised crisis of full fill demand of energy consumption in the world. The attention of researchers to investigate renewable energy sources such as biodiesel are suggested, which are less destructive for environmental. The paper is aimed to mitigate emissions parameter like NOX, smoke, particulate matter (PM) and summary of emissions (SE) from five different categories such as, edible and non-edible vegetable oils, waste animal fats, waste oil and alcohol biodiesel. Two experimental validations were conducted on a single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine at constant advanced injection timing and speed with diesel, for a Diesel-RK model. Numerical analysis shows that most effected NOX pollutant emission for soybean (edible) by 21.79%, jojoba curcas (non-edible) by 23.0%, chicken fats (animal fats) by31.2%, grease oil (waste oil) by 15.8% and butanol (alcohol) by 94.56%. The PM emission are reduced by 45.59%, 84.97%, 93.78%, 23.83%, 48.18% for soybean, microalgae, poultry fats, frying oil and pentanol respectively and also reductions in smoke emission by 93.8%, 93.43%, 92.26%, 89.14% and 79.14% for sunflower, karanja oil, fish oil, frying oil and pentanol respectively. The most effected summary of emissions (SE) are reduced by 3.91%, 15.66%, 43.37%, 3.01% and 37.65% for soybean, jojoba curcas, veal oil, grease oil and pentanol respectively; at full load and engine speed, injection timing and compression ratio were remained unchanged.
In this study, engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion behaviors of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection diesel engine running on biodiesel/diesel/1-butanol and ...biodiesel/diesel/n-pentanol fuel blends were investigated and compared with diesel fuel under different engine speeds and full load operating conditions. Test fuels were prepared with 5 and 10 vol% 1-butanol and n-pentanol. Engine test results indicated that brake powers and torques decreased as the amount of alcohol increased, while BSFC increased between 0.77% and 8.07%. Alcohol blended fuels acquired lower EGT and CO2, while observing higher O2 emission due to high oxygen content of alcohol compared to diesel fuel. Alcohol treated blends also diminished NOX by 0.56–2.65%, CO by 6.90–32.40%, and smoke by 10.47–44.43%. Moreover, n-pentanol blended fuels showed better performance and emission results than 1-butanol blends. Maximum in-cylinder pressure of higher alcohol blended fuels found between 94.55 and 95.82 bar at 371-372oCA for 1400 rpm, and between 78.19 and 82.19 bar at 375-376oCA for 2600 rpm. Alcohol addition into the blends increased maximum in-cylinder pressure up to 1.38% at low speed, whereas it decreased up to 3.75% at high speed. Furthermore, higher HRR values up to 8.5% were observed with the alcohol mixed fuels. Consequently, higher alcohols (n-pentanol and 1-butanol) can be utilized as alternative additives in biodiesel/diesel blends for diesel engines to improve emissions, although they adversely influence engine performance.
•Ternary blends of biodiesel/diesel/1-butanol or n-pentanol were performed.•Cold flow properties of biodiesel/diesel blends were improved by adding alcohols.•Butanol blends lead to lower engine torque and power values than pentanol blends.•Pentanol blends have less adverse impact on BSFC and BTE than butanol blends.•Pentanol blends are better than butanol blends in reduction of NOX and CO emissions.
Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie
Im Zuge der Minimierungsabsichten von Zwangsmaßnahmen ist ein gutes Verständnis für deren Einflussfaktoren elementar. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den ...Zusammenhang zwischen Substanzkonsum und der Anwendung von Zwangsmaßnahmen.
Methoden
Alle im Jahr 2019 durchgeführten Zwangsmaßnahmen der akutpsychiatrischen Stationen der Charité Campus Mitte wurden untersucht, mit Fokus auf den Zusammenhang mit Substanzgebrauchsstörungen.
Ergebnisse
Bei 106 Fällen (92 Patienten) von insgesamt 1232 Behandlungsfällen (1131 Patienten) wurden Zwangsmaßnahmen angewendet, vorwiegend Unterbringung nach PsychKG (94) und nach BGB (21), seltener Isolation (23) oder Fixierung (18). Bei einem Drittel der Zwangsbehandlungsfälle lag eine akute Intoxikation, bei zwei Dritteln eine Substanzgebrauchsstörung in der Vorgeschichte vor, in beiden Fällen am häufigsten von Alkohol und/oder Cannabis. In der Gesamtzahl aller Behandlungsfälle hingegen (1232) lag die Anzahl von Intoxikationen bei 9 % und allgemein von Substanzgebrauchsstörungen bei 36 %.
Schlussfolgerung
Die vorliegende Arbeit belegt die klinisch bekannte Assoziation zwischen Intoxikationen und dem Einsatz von Zwangsmaßnahmen.
Konzumacija lijekova i alkohola može značajno utjecati na sigurnost cestovnog prometa. Lijekovi, posebice oni koji uzrokuju pospanost, smanjuju koncentraciju ili imaju nuspojave poput vrtoglavice, ...mogu umanjiti sposobnost pravilnog reagiranja vozača u različitim prometnim situacijama. Alkohol, s druge strane, dokazano smanjuje kognitivne funkcije, motoričke sposobnosti te povećava vrijeme reakcije. Čak i umjerena konzumacija alkohola može znatno utjecati na vozačku sposobnost, a konzumacija alkohola iznad zakonom dopuštenih granica predstavlja ozbiljan rizik za sigurnost cestovnog prometa. Vozači koji kombiniraju lijekove i alkohol izloženi su dodatnim rizicima jer se nuspojave lijekova mogu pojačati alkoholom te tako narušiti sposobnost upravljanja vozilom. Stoga je važno da vozači budu svjesni potencijalnih nuspojava lijekova koje koriste te da izbjegavaju konzumaciju alkohola prije vožnje. Edukacija, preventivne kampanje i stroga provedba zakona ključni su elementi u smanjenju utjecaja konzumacije lijekova i alkohola na sigurnost cestovnog prometa.
The consumption of drugs and alcohol can significantly affect road traffic safety. Medicines, especially those that cause sleepiness, reduce concentration or have side effects such as dizziness, can reduce the ability of the driver to react properly in different traffic situations. Alcohol, on the other hand, has been proven to reduce cognitive functions, motor skills and increase reaction time. Even moderate consumption of alcohol can significantly affect driving ability, and consumption of alcohol above the legal limit is a serious risk for road safety. The drivers who combine drugs and alcohol are exposed to additional risks because the side effects of drugs can be enhanced by alcohol, thus impairing the ability to drive a vehicle. Therefore, it is important for drivers to be aware of the potential side effects of the drugs they are using and to avoid consuming alcohol before driving. Education, preventive campaigns and strict law enforcement are the key elements in reducing the impact of drug and alcohol consumption on road safety.
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•First report of a dye sensitized TiO2-polyoxometalate system for alcohols oxidation under visible light.•Simultaneously satisfy the excellent activity and selectivity for alcohols ...oxidation.•The mechanism on the improvement of visible photoactivity was systematically investigated.
This study demonstrated a dye-sensitized TiO2-polyoxometalate system (denoted TiO2-(PW12-TH)8, where PW12=PW12O403− and TH=thionine) for selective oxidation of alcohols under visible light. The results showed that various substituted alcohols were transformed into their corresponding aldehydes with high selectivity. Due to more efficient electrons transfer, large surface area, and enhanced visible light absorption, the photocatalytic activity of TiO2-(PW12-TH)8 was superior to any other dye-sensitized system reported to date. The response in the photocurrent-time curves over several on/off cycles of intermittent irradiation showed good reproducibility. The photocurrent response of TiO2-(PW12-TH)8 was much higher than that of TiO2/TH (physical mixture of TiO2 and TH), SiO2-(PW12-TH)8 or P25-(PW12-TH)8 (P25=Degussa P25), attributed to the more efficient transfer and longer lifetime of photoexcited electrons. This photocatalytic process confirmed that efficient electron transfer during photocatalytic oxidation plays a vital role in determining the reaction conversion and obtaining good selectivity. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra and radical scavenging experiments proved that superoxide radicals and electrons were the main reactive species in the proposed system, the absence of hydroxyl radicals and holes is demonstrated to be the key of high reaction selectivity.
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