Ovaj rad uključuje pregled neuroznanstvenih istraživanja moralnosti, s naglaskom na moralno rasuđivanje i odlučivanje. Prvi dio rada donosi pregled teorijskih pristupa i konstrukata koji proizlaze iz ...tradicionalnih pristupa koji razmatraju primarnu ulogu kognitivnih procesa ili emocionalnih procesa u moralnome rasuđivanju. Drugi dio rada pruža uvid u neuroznanstvena istraživanja koja razmatraju i potvrđuju ulogu obaju procesa u moralnome rasuđivanju. Glavna su područja mozga uključena u moralno rasuđivanje prefrontalna moždana kora, cingularna kora, amigdala i inzula. Uz navedena se područja aktiviraju i područja sljepoočnoga i tjemenog režnja moždane kore koja se povezuju s teorijom uma. O njihovim se funkcionalnim doprinosima raspravlja, a mnogobrojna istraživanja ukazuju na to da se u podlozi moralnoga rasuđivanja i odlučivanja nalaze kognitivni, emocionalni i motivacijski mehanizmi.
All’inizio del Novecento la comunità scientifica ha indagato a fondo con gli strumenti allora disponibili quegli elementi permanenti ricorrenti e transculturali che sono stati chiamati di volta in ...volta motivemi (dai narratologi), archetipi (dagli psicoanalisti o Pathosformeln, come li definì Aby Warburg. Il contributo ridefinisce il concetto di memoria inconscia o mneme nel pensiero warburghiano e le radici medico-scientifiche di molte sue riflessioni, per poi giungere ai contributi che le neuroscienze, dalla fine del Novecento, hanno dato a una ridefinizione del modo in cui l’uomo rappresenta convenzionalmente le emozioni. L’architettura del cervello limbico rilevata attraverso il neuroimaging consente oggi non solo di dare una spiegazione più analitica delle intuizioni di Warburg, anche attraverso la rilettura computazionale offertane da Franco Moretti, ma di ridisegnare la grammatica delle emozioni e la sua semiotica globale.__ At the beginning of the twentieth century the scientific community thoroughly investigated with the tools then available those permanent recurring and transcultural elements that were called from time to time motivemi (by narratologists), archetypes (by psychoanalysts or Pathosformeln, as Aby Warburg defined them. The contribution redefines the concept of unconscious memory or mneme in Warburgian thought and the medical-scientific roots of many of his reflections. Subsequently it analyzes the contributions that neurosciences, since the end of the twentieth century, have given to a redefinition of the way in which man conventionally represents emotions. The architecture of the limbic brain detected through neuroimaging allows today not only to give a more analytical explanation of Warburg’s intuitions, also through the computational rereading offered by Franco Moretti, but to redesign the grammar of emotions and its global semiotics.
The work is a pilot study conducted on a small sample of nine subjects of different ages and psychological problems followed in psychotherapy with 3D Therapy®. The study proposes the effects of the ...manifestations of anxiety behaviors activated by the subjects placed in front of the 3D object which materializes the graphic representation of the dysfunctional emotional experience. The research examines the period of time from the presentation in the Cx phase of the 3D object for the next 10 minutes, a period in which the process of observation and detection of target behaviors manifested by individual subjects starts.
Ovaj rad uključuje pregled neuroznanstvenih istraživanja moralnosti, s naglaskom na moralno rasuđivanje i odlučivanje. Prvi dio rada donosi pregled teorijskih pristupa i konstrukata koji proizlaze iz ...tradicionalnih pristupa koji razmatraju primarnu ulogu kognitivnih procesa ili emocionalnih procesa u moralnome rasuđivanju. Drugi dio rada pruža uvid u neuroznanstvena istraživanja koja razmatraju i potvrđuju ulogu obaju procesa u moralnome rasuđivanju. Glavna su područja mozga uključena u moralno rasuđivanje prefrontalna moždana kora, cingularna kora, amigdala i inzula. Uz navedena se područja aktiviraju i područja sljepoočnoga i tjemenog režnja moždane kore koja se povezuju s teorijom uma. O njihovim se funkcionalnim doprinosima raspravlja, a mnogobrojna istraživanja ukazuju na to da se u podlozi moralnoga rasuđivanja i odlučivanja nalaze kognitivni, emocionalni i motivacijski mehanizmi.
This paper includes a review of moral neuroscience research with an emphasis on moral reasoning and decision-making. The first part of the paper includes an overview of theoretical approaches and constructs which elaborate the primary role of cognitive or emotional processes in moral reasoning. The second part of the paper provides insights into neuroscience research that considers and confirms the role of both processes in moral reasoning. The main brain areas in moral reasoning are the regions of the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, amygdala, and insula. In addition to the above areas, the regions of the temporal and parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex that are associated with the theory of mind are also activated. This review includes a discussion about functional contributions to different brain parts and numerous studies indicate that cognitive, emotional, and motivational mechanisms are underlying moral reasoning and decision-making.
Lipoid proteinosis (LP) is a very rare autosomal-recessive disease characterized by multisystem involvement due to intracellular deposition of amorphous hyaline material. Clinical manifestations ...include hoarness, acne-like facial scarring and neurological manifestation including seizures. We describe the clinical, genetics and radiological features of LP in a refractory epileptic patient with genetic confirmation.
U posljednjih se desetak godina u medijima često govori o povećanom broju dijagnosticiranih slučajeva autizma u djetinjstvu. U ovom sustavnom pregledu razmatramo razvoj razumijevanja percepcije lica, ...jedne od specifičnijih značajki autizma, u svjetlu komorbiditeta s aleksitimijom i uznapredovalih statističkih metodologija istraživanja. Navodimo literaturu koja se bavi percepcijom lica u autizmu u različitim kognitivnim zadacima i upućuje na važnost često komorbidne aleksitimije, kao i literaturu koja koristi neuroslikovne metode istraživanja i potvrđuje važnost različitih uzoraka gledanja u autizmu pri analizi rezultata. U svrhu poboljšane obrazovne i socijalne integracije osoba s autizmom i/ili aleksitimijom predlažemo teme za daljnje istraživanje.
In the last few decades, the media have continuously reported on the increased number of diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This systematic review looks at the evolution of research on face perception, one of the characteristics of ASD, in the light of recently reported prevalence of alexythimia comorbidity, as well as improved statistical methods in cognitive research. We review the literature on behavioural face perception testing in autism, showing the importance of a prevalent comorbidity of alexythimia, as well as neural evidence showing the importance of differential eye gaze patterns in autism for data analysis. We suggest outstanding questions in the field in order to improve the integration of people with ASD and alexithymia into the educational and social contexts.
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı normal bireylerde parasingulat sulkus (PCS) uzunluğunun, yaş, cinsiyete göre hemisferler arasındaki farklılıklarını ve PCS uzunluğu ile amigdala, talamus ve hipokampus ...hacimleri arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: 3T manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MR) cihazında çekilen kranial MR’de patoloji saptanmamış, 20-40 yaşlarında, 48 hasta (26 K, 22 E) çalışmaya alındı. PCS uzunluğu, her iki hemisferde manuel çizildi. PCS uzunluğu 40 mm’den yüksek olanlar belirgin, 20-40 mm arasındakiler kısa, 20 mm’den düşükler yok olarak sınıflandırıldı. Üç grup, hemisferler arasında, yaş ve cinsiyete göre karşılaştırıldı. Amigdala, talamus, hipokampus hacimleri, 3D T1A sagital görüntülerden BrainSuite yazılımıyla hesaplandı. Hacimler ile PCS uzunlukları istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: PCS uzunlukları belirgin, kısa, yok gruplarında hemisferler arasında, cinsiyet ve yaşa bağlı anlamlı fark saptanmadı. Sağ hemisferde PCS belirginlerde, sağ amigdala hacmi anlamlı yüksek; PCS kısalarda, sağ hipokampus hacmi en düşük; PCS-belirginlerde sağ hipokampus hacmi yüksekti.
Sonuç: Normal bireylerde PCS uzunluğunda, hemisferler arasında, cinsiyet ve yaşa bağlı fark görülmemesi, PCS’nin, hastalıklarda değişmesinin güvenilir bir bulgu olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Sağ hemisferde PCS uzunluğu ile amigdala, hipokampus hacminin korele olması, anterior singulat korteks, medial prefrontal korteks bağlantılarının, PCS uzunluğu ile ilişkili olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.
Tonsilolito gigante: a propósito de un caso Silvestre Donat, F.J; Martínez Mihi, Victoria; Plá Mocholí, A ...
Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal,
07/2005, Letnik:
10, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Tonsilloliths or tonsil stones are calcifications that form in the
crypts of the palatal tonsils. These calculi are composed of
calcium salts either alone or in combination with other mineral
salts, ...and are usually of small size though there ha ve been
occasional reports of large tonsilloliths or calculi in peritonsillar
locations.
We present the case of a 55-year-old woman with a one-year history
of dysphagia and pharyngeal discomfort with a foreign body
sensation, though the manifestations had recently intensified.
Exploration of the oral cavity revealed a hard bulging submucosal
mass in the region of the soft palate, at right anterior
tonsillar pillar level. The mucosa overlying the lesion appeared
erythematous. Computed tomography revealed a large, delimited
and highly calcified oval image measuring 2.5 x 1.5 cm, which
was subsequently surgically removed. Los tonsilolitos son pequeñas concreciones calcificadas que se
forman en las criptas de las amígdalas palatinas formados por
sales cálcicas o en combinación con otras sales minerales y
que suelen tener pequeño tamaño. En pocas ocasiones han sido
descritos tonsilolitos de grandes dimensiones o en localizaciones
periamigdalinas.
Nosotros presentamos el caso de una mujer de 55 años de edad
que tenía sintomatología de disfagia y molestias en la faringe
con sensación de cuerpo extraño desde había un año aproximadamente
aunque últimamente se habían agudizado las molestias.
A la exploración se palpaba una tumoración dura a nivel
submucoso en el paladar blando a nivel del pilar amigdalino
anterior derecho. El pilar parecía algo abombado, palpándose
dicha tumoración como una lesión de consistencia dura y que en
superficie presentaba la mucosa algo eritematosa. La tomografía
computadorizada mostraba una imagen ovalada delimitada y
muy calcificada de gran tamaño (2,5x1,5 cm). Se procedió a la
exéresis quirúrgica de dicha estructura.
Jonah Lehrer’s book examines and presents decision-making processes through practical examples. The essential questions of the book are the following: ‘How is the human mind deciding? And how can I ...improve these decisions?’ (Lehrer, 2012). Decision-making mechanisms define our everyday lives. This is valid for our workplace as well as for our private life too. Scientists believe in the rational brain for centuries. In various disciplines, unanimous decisions based on sheer rationality alone is considered to be correct and acceptable. The book of Lehrer gives a much more sophisticated picture of the decision-making mechanism of the human brain. Enlightening that some brain areas developed during evolution, how they contribute to each decision-making processes. Practical examples illustrate the relationship between emotions and rationality during decision-making.
Jonah Lehrer könyve a döntéshozatali folyamatokat vizsgálja és mutatja be kifejezetten szemléletes gyakorlati példákon keresztül. Az írás alapkérdéseit a szerző így fogalmazza meg: „Hogyan hoz döntéseket az emberi elme? És hogyan lehet ezeken a döntéseken javítani?” (Lehrer, 2012). A döntéshozatali mechanizmusok meghatározzák a mindennapjainkat. Igaz ez a munkahelyi életünkre csakúgy, mint a magánéletünkre. A tudomány képviselői évszázadok óta a racionális agy felsőbbrendűségét hirdetik. A különböző tudományágak egyöntetűen a tiszta rációra alapozott döntéseket tartják helyesnek és egyedül elfogadhatónak. Lehrer könyve ennél jóval szofisztikáltabb képet ad az emberi agy döntéshozatali mechanizmusáról. Rávilágít arra, hogy az evolúció során kialakult egyes agyterületek hogyan járulnak hozzá az egyes döntési folyamatokhoz. Gyakorlati példákon keresztül mutatja be az érzelmek és a racionalitás viszonyát a döntéshozatalok során.
To investigate the functional connectivity among amygdala, insula, and auditory cortex during affective auditory stimulation and its relevance for psychotherapy, the authors recorded, using ...functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses of these brain regions in 20 healthy adults while listening to affective sounds (laughing and crying). Their connectivity was analyzed by time-series panel analysis. The authors found significant positive associations among brain regions, with time-lagged associations generally directed from the right to the left hemisphere. Associations between amygdalar and cortical regions, however, were negative; specifically, activations of the left auditory cortex preceded decreases of the right amygdala. This suggested that affect regulation using cognitive control may have been achieved through active inhibition of amygdalar structures by the cortex. The authors discuss the implications of the findings for the change mechanisms inherent in psychotherapy.
PDF
