This study tests the hypothesis that individuals who achieve a plateau at V˙ O2max (V˙ O2plat) are more likely to possess alleles, associated with anaerobic capacity, than those who do not.
A ...literature survey, physiological testing and genetic analysis was used to determine any association between the aerobic and anaerobic polymorphisms of 40 genes and V˙ O2plat.
34, healthy, Caucasian volunteers, completed an exercise test to determine V˙ O2max, and V˙ O2plat. 28 of the volunteers agreed to DNA testing and 26 were successfully genotyped. A literature search was used to determine whether the 40 polymorphisms analysed were associated with aerobic, or anaerobic exercise performance.
The literature survey enabled classification of the 40 target alleles as aerobic 11, anaerobic 24, or having no apparent association (NAA) 5 with exercise performance. It also found no previous studies linking a genetic component with the ability to achieve V˙ O2plat. Independent t-tests showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) in the ability to achieve V˙ O2plat, but no other measured physiological variable was significantly different. Pearson’s χ2 testing demonstrated a highly significant association (p = 0.008) between anaerobic allele frequency and V˙ O2plat, but not with V˙ O2max. There was no association between aerobic alleles and V˙ O2plat, or V˙ O2max. Finally there were no significant differences in the allelic frequencies, observed in this study and those expected of Northern and Western European Caucasians.
These results support the hypothesis that the ability to achieve V˙ O2plat is associated with alleles linked to anaerobic exercise capacity.
Background: Cigarette smoking is common among the male collegiate population. It causes various negative effects on their body, particularly it affects the lungs. Hence, the aim of this study is to ...compare the aerobic and anaerobic capacities among the smoker and non-smoker male collegiate population. Methods: 68 healthy male college students participated in this study. Aerobic capacity was assessed by 3-minute step test. Anaerobic capacity was assessed by 30-meter sprint fatigue test. T-test was used to compare the data between groups. Result: Present study reported that smokers had a higher heart rate after performing 3-minute step test. The fatigue index was higher in smokers as compared to non-smokers. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that cigarette smoking reduces the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of an individual.
Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) may be the single most important factor for long‐distance running performance. Interval training, enabling high intensity, is forwarded as the format that yields the ...largest increase in V̇O2max. However, it is uncertain if an optimal outcome on V̇O2max, anaerobic capacity, and running performance is provided by training with a high aerobic intensity or high overall intensity. Thus, we randomized 48 aerobically well‐trained men (23 ± 3 years) to three commonly applied interval protocols, one with high aerobic intensity (HIIT) and two with high absolute intensity (sprint interval training; SIT), 3× week for 8 weeks: (1) HIIT: 4 × 4 min at ~95% maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with 3 min active breaks. (2) SIT: 8 × 20 s at ~150% MAS with 10 s passive breaks. (3) SIT: 10 × 30 s at ~175% MAS with 3.5 min active breaks. V̇O2max increased more (p < 0.001) following HIIT, 4 × 4 min (6.5 ± 2.4%, p < 0.001) than SIT, 8 × 20 s (3.3 ± 2.4%, p < 0.001) and SIT, 10 × 30 s (n.s.). This was accompanied by a larger (p < 0.05) increase in stroke volume (O2‐pulse) following HIIT, 4 × 4 min (8.1 ± 4.1%, p < 0.001) compared with SIT, 8 × 20 s (3.8 ± 4.2%, p < 0.01) and SIT, 10 × 30 (n.s.). Anaerobic capacity (maximal accumulated oxygen deficit) increased following SIT, 8 × 20 s (p < 0.05), but not after HIIT, 4 × 4 min, nor SIT, 10 × 30 s. Long‐distance (3000‐m) endurance performance increased (p < 0.05–p < 0.001) in all groups (HIIT, 4 × 4 min: 5.9 ± 3.2%; SIT, 8 × 20 s: 4.1 ± 3.7%; SIT, 10 × 30 s: 2.2 ± 2.2%), with HIIT increasing more than SIT, 10 × 30 s (p < 0.05). Sprint (300‐m) performance exhibited within‐group increases in SIT, 8 × 20 s (4.4 ± 2.0%) and SIT, 10 × 30 s (3.3 ± 2.8%). In conclusion, HIIT improves V̇O2max more than SIT. Given the importance of V̇O2max for most endurance performance scenarios, HIIT should typically be the chosen interval format.
The study aimed to investigate the anaerobic performance with laboratory and field tests in youth athletes in different sports. One-hundred four athletes between the ages of 10 and 16, minimum age of ...training of one year in different sports voluntarily participated in the study. Anthropometric measurements of participants were measured. Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) using Monark cycle ergometer (Monark-Crescent AB, Sweden), Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), and pediatric RAST using photocell advice (Newtest 2000) were performed to determine anaerobic performance. Peak power (PP), average power (AP), minimum power (MP) and fatigue index (FI) were determined for each test. Absolute and relative power outputs, FI, and total exercise time (TED) values of WAnT, RAST, and PRAST were significantly different (p<0.01). The absolute peak, average and minimum power of PRAST were significantly higher than WAnT and RAST. According to test-retest results of WAnT, RAST, and PRAST, ICC 95% CI values have a high-reliability coefficient for all variables. It was found there is a positive correlation statistically between WAnT and RAST for all variables (p<0.01). Besides, there were also positive correlations statistically between WAnT-PRAST and RAST-PRAST excluding fatigue index (p<0.01). As a result of this study, it was determined WAnT, RAST, and PRAST have high reliability and are appropriate for child and adolescent athletes in that age group to evaluate anaerobic performance. Although tests have different motion properties, it was determined they have similar results when performed. High correlations between tests and variables support this determination.
The study aimed to investigate the anaerobic performance with laboratory and field tests in youth athletes in different sports. One-hundred four athletes between the ages of 10 and 16, minimum age of ...training of one year in different sports voluntarily participated in the study. Anthropometric measurements of participants were measured. Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) using Monark cycle ergometer (Monark-Crescent AB, Sweden), Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), and pediatric RAST using photocell advice (Newtest 2000) were performed to determine anaerobic performance. Peak power (PP), average power (AP), minimum power (MP) and fatigue index (FI) were determined for each test. Absolute and relative power outputs, FI, and total exercise time (TED) values of WAnT, RAST, and PRAST were significantly different (p<0.01). The absolute peak, average and minimum power of PRAST were significantly higher than WAnT and RAST. According to test-retest results of WAnT, RAST, and PRAST, ICC 95% CI values have a high-reliability coefficient for all variables. It was found there is a positive correlation statistically between WAnT and RAST for all variables (p<0.01). Besides, there were also positive correlations statistically between WAnT-PRAST and RAST-PRAST excluding fatigue index (p<0.01). As a result of this study, it was determined WAnT, RAST, and PRAST have high reliability and are appropriate for child and adolescent athletes in that age group to evaluate anaerobic performance. Although tests have different motion properties, it was determined they have similar results when performed. High correlations between tests and variables support this determination.
Little is known about the influence of conditioning capacities on shooting performance in basketball. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between different conditioning capacities ...and shooting performance in professional basketball players. In this investigation, we examined 38 males (all perimeter players; height: 185.5+/-6.73 cm; mass: 78.66+/-10.35 kg). Conditioning capacities were evaluated by tests of muscular-strength, aerobic-endurance, jumping- and throwing-capacities, sprinting-speed, pre-planned-agility, anaerobic-endurance and fatigue-resistance. Shooting performance was evaluated using game statistics, as well as six tests of shooting-performance performed in controlled settings: (i) three tests of static (i.e., non-fatigued) shooting-performance (standardized execution of one- (S1), two- (S2) and three-point shots (S3) in stationary conditions), and (ii) three tests of dynamic (i.e., fatigued) shooting-performance (standardized execution of one- (D1), two- (D2), and three-point shots (D3) in dynamic conditions). All three dynamic shooting tests and the S1 test were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with corresponding game statistics. Multiple regression indicated that conditioning capacities were significantly related to D1 (R2=0.36; p=0.03), D2 (R2=0.44; p=0.03), S3 (R2=0.41; p=0.02) and D3 (R2=0.39; p=0.03) tests. Players with a higher fatigue-resistance achieved better results on D1 test (beta=-0.37, p=0.03). Pre-planned-agility (beta=-0.33, p=0.04), countermovement jump (beta=0.42, p=0.03) and fatigue-resistance (beta=-0.37, p=0.02) were significant predictors of D2 performance. The countermovement jump (beta=0.39, p=0.04), medicine ball toss (beta=0.34, p=0.04) and anaerobic-endurance (beta=0.46, p=0.04) predicted the results of D3 performance. Jumping, throwing and anaerobic endurance capacities were good determinants of the skill of dynamic shooting over a long distance. These findings emphasize the importance of explosive power and anaerobic-capacity as determinants of shooting-performance in high-level basketball players.
IntroductionMaximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) is a pivotal factor for aerobic endurance performance. Recently, aerobic high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) was documented to be superior to sprint ...interval training (SIT) in improving V̇O2max in well‐trained males. However, as mounting evidence suggests that physiological responses to training are sex‐dependent, examining the effects of HIIT versus SIT on V̇O2max, anaerobic capacity, and endurance performance in females is warranted.MethodsWe randomized 81 aerobically well‐trained females (22 ± 2 years, 51.8 ± 3.6 mL∙kg−1∙min−1 V̇O2max), training three times weekly for 8 weeks, to well‐established protocols: (1) HIIT 4 × 4 min at ~95% of maximal aerobic speed (MAS), with 3 min active recovery (2) SIT 8 × 20 s at ~150% of MAS, with 10 s passive recovery (3) SIT 10 × 30 s at ~175% of MAS, with 3.5 min active recovery.ResultsOnly HIIT 4 × 4 min increased V̇O2max (7.3 ± 3.1%), different from both SIT groups (all p < 0.001). Anaerobic capacity (maximal accumulated oxygen deficit) increased following SIT 8 × 20 s (6.5 ± 10.5%, p < 0.05), SIT 10 × 30 s (14.4 ± 13.7%, p < 0.05; different from HIIT 4 × 4 min, p < 0.05). SIT 10 × 30 s resulted in eight training‐induced injuries, different from no injuries following HIIT 4 × 4 min and SIT 8 × 20 s (p < 0.001). All groups improved long‐distance (3000‐meter) and sprint (300‐meter) running performance (all p < 0.001). SIT protocols improved sprint performance more than HIIT 4 × 4 min (p < 0.05). Compared to previous male results, no increase in V̇O2max following SIT 8 × 20 s (p < 0.01), and a higher injury rate for SIT 10 × 30 s (p < 0.001), were evident.ConclusionsIn aerobically well‐trained women, HIIT is superior to SIT in increasing V̇O2max while all‐out treadmill running SIT is potentially more harmful.
The current review summarizes scientific knowledge concerning sex differences in world-record performance and the influence of sport discipline and competition duration. In addition, the way that ...physiological factors relate to sex dimorphism is discussed. While cultural factors played a major role in the rapid improvement of performance of women relative to men up until the 1990s, sex differences between the world's best athletes in most events have remained relatively stable at approximately 8-12%. The exceptions are events in which upper-body power is a major contributor, where this difference is more than 12%, and ultraendurance swimming, where the gap is now less than 5%. The physiological advantages in men include a larger body size with more skeletal-muscle mass, a lower percentage of body fat, and greater maximal delivery of anaerobic and aerobic energy. The greater strength and anaerobic capacity in men normally disappear when normalized for fat-free body mass, whereas the higher hemoglobin concentrations lead to 5-10% greater maximal oxygen uptake in men with such normalization. The higher percentage of muscle mass in the upper body of men results in a particularly large sex difference in power production during upper-body exercise. While the exercise efficiency of men and women is usually similar, women have a better capacity to metabolize fat and demonstrate better hydrodynamics and more even pacing, which may be advantageous, in particular during long-lasting swimming competitions.
Volleyball is one of the most popular sports in the world. To be a professional volleyball player, a coach needs to know how to train their athletes. According to the physiological component, the ...most used energy of a volleyball player comes from ATP-PC and glycolysis. This study aimed to classify an anaerobic capacity standard of male volleyball athletes in Indonesia. In this study, 60 athletes participated in 2 levels: Junior 15-17-year-old High School student level and 18-25-year-old University student level. The samples were chosen according to their achievement in national-level competitions in the last few years. The measurement used the Running Anaerobic Sprint Test, Vertical Jump Test, and 5-Meter Multiple Shuttle Repeat Sprint Test. The analysis employed an ANOVA test using SPSS 16 and Tukey post hoc test. This study found differences in several anaerobic performance aspects of each position in the same level of competition and at the different levels of competition. In the junior-level athletes, a significant difference was found in the average power between outside hitter and libero, peak power vertical jump between middle blocker and libero, and total distance achieved among outside hitter, opposite hitter, and setter. Senior-level athletes showed a significance different in maximum power, average power, and fatigue index of outside hitters, middle blocker, opposite hitters, setter, and libero, peak power of vertical jump among hitters, setter, and libero, and total distance achieved by hitters, setter, and libero. In conclusion, senior-level athletes showed superiority shown by higher scores of anaerobic capacity than junior-level athletes. It is suggested to conduct more research on the characteristics of each position in volleyball to train athletes more effectively and efficiently according to their position.
PDF
