The full extent of Plutarch’s moral educational program remains largely understudied, at least in those aspects pertaining to women and the gendered other. As a result, scholarship on his views on ...women have differed significantly in their conclusions, with some scholars suggesting that he is overwhelmingly positive towards women and marriage and perhaps even a “precursor to feminism,” and others arguing that he was rather negative on the issue. Like a Captive Bird: Gender and Virtue in Plutarch is an examination of these educational methods employed in Plutarch’s work to regulate the expression of gender identity in women and men. In six chapters, author Lunette Warren analyzes Plutarch’s ideas about women and gender in Moralia and Lives. The book examines the divergences between real and ideal, the aims and methods of moral philosophy and psychagogic practice as they relate to identity formation, and Plutarch’s theoretical philosophy and metaphysics. Warren argues that gender is a flexible mode of being that expresses a relation between body and soul, and that gender and virtue are inextricably entwined. Plutarch’s expression of gender is also an expression of a moral condition that signifies relationships of power, Warren claims, especially power relationships between the husband and wife. Uncovered in these texts is evidence of a redistribution of power, which allows some women to dominate other women and, in rare cases, men too. Like a Captive Bird offers a unique and fresh interpretation of Plutarch’s metaphysics which centers gender as one of the organizational principles of nature. It is aimed at scholars of Plutarch, ancient philosophy, and ancient gender studies, especially those who are interested in feminist studies of antiquity.
This paper concerns Aristotle and Galen’s scientific method and the place of philosophy in their natural scientific endeavors as manifested in their discussions on the role of the heart in the ...formation of the embryo. I will begin first by discussing Aristotle’s conception of natural sciences and his discussion on the role of the heart in the body and embryo. Following this is Galen’s critique of the role of the heart in the formation of the embryo. Galen had considerably more knowledge about anatomy and the construction of the embryo, yet his scientific method is not radically different from Aristotle’s as he also utilizes both logical arguments and observational data. Nevertheless, he attempts to banish philosophers from discussing anatomical issues, thus opening the path to specialization.
This paper is concerned with the role played by clementia (mercy/ clemency) as a particular peacebuilding skill in Late Roman Republic and Early Principate. More specifically, my aim is to ...investigate some of the historical and philosophical conditions that determinate the change of moderatio or temperance into mercy. My claim is that mercy becomes a concept closely related to the new stage of autocratic political power derived from Civil Wars, and therefore essential not only to justify the authority of the princeps but also to establish the requirements of the Pax Romana. Concentrating primarily on Pseudo-Sallust, Cicero, August, Seneca and Tacitus writings, I wish to demonstrate that moderatio and clementia are interrelated virtues applied to different historical contexts.
O presente artigo trata do papel desempenhado pela clemência (clementia) como uma virtude própria para o estabelecimento da paz no período compreendido entre o final da república e o principado. Mais especificamente, meu objetivo é investigar algumas das condições históricas e filosóficas que determinaram as alterações do conceito de moderatio (ou temperança) para o de clemência. Meu argumento é o de que a clemência se torna uma qualidade vinculada à forma autocrática de exercício do poder como efeito secundário das Guerras Civis, o que a torna essencial não apenas para justificar a autoridade do princeps como ainda para formular os requisitos da Pax Romana. Concentrando-me primariamente nas obras de Pseudo-Salústio, Cícero, Augusto, Sêneca e Tácito, pretendo demonstrar que moderatio e clementia são virtudes interrelacionadas que se aplicam a contextos históricos diferentes.
"This anthology presents and discusses perceptions on the notion of love in ancient philosophy and early Christian theology. The notion of love is discussed firstly in two critical readings of Anders ...Nygren’s study Agape and Eros (1930-36). Nygren´s distinction of eros, on the one hand, as an egocentric, human love and agape, on the other hand, as Christian, theocentric and divine love, has long been received almost as a dogmatic truth and prevented a more nuanced understanding. The metaphysics and ethics of love are further discussed in relation to Platonic, Neoplatonic, biblical and early Christian – especially Eastern Christian – thinking. Related questions such as “Is all love essentially divine?”and “Is unselfish love possible?” and themes such as love as a unifying force, and ascetical love, are also discussed. The papers were first presented at an international research seminar, The Metochi Seminar, at the University of Agder´s study centre in Greece (the Metochi Study Centre), on the island of Lesvos."
Resumo: A tradução apresenta ao público de língua portuguesa o texto “A história da dialética”, de Herbert Marcuse. Publicado como parte do verbete “Dialética”, na enciclopédia Marxism, Communism, ...and Western Societies: A Comparative Encyclopaedia (New York: Herder and Herder, 1972), este trabalho fornece uma análise acadêmica relativamente detalhada do “Significado da dialética na Filosofia Antiga”, iniciando em Zenão, nos sofistas e Sócrates, passando por Platão e Aristóteles e concluindo com uma abordagem sobre os estoicos e Plotino; na sequência, volta-se para o horizonte da Filosofia Moderna, a que Marcuse dedica a seção “Significado da dialética em Kant, Fichte e Hegel”; o texto é finalizado com uma análise sobre o “Significado e o alcance da dialética em Marx”, único filósofo privilegiado com uma seção própria. De modo geral, esta publicação revela Marcuse como um estudioso de primeira classe do conceito de dialética e oferece ao leitor uma análise abrangente e extremamente qualificada da história da dialética, no plano filosófico.
Abstract: This translation provides a Portuguese version of “The History of Dialectics”, written by Herbert Marcuse. The original was published as an encyclopedia entry on “Dialectics”, in Marxism, Communism, and Western Societies: A Comparative Encyclopaedia (New York: Herder and Herder, 1972). It starts by presenting a detailed analysis of “The Significance of Dialectics in Ancient Philosophy”, since Zeno, the Sophists and Socrates to Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics and Plotinus. Further on, Marcuse writes a section on “The Significance of Dialectics in Kant, Fichte and Hegel”; he finally concludes with an approach to “The Meaning and Significance of Dialectics in Marx”, the only philosopher who was bestowed with a whole section. Overall, this text exhibits a very comprehensive, qualified analysis of the history of dialectics and reveals Marcuse as a first-rated philosophical scholar in the concept of dialectics.
Kant and Zetetic Scepticism Kubok, Dariusz
Ruch filozoficzny,
12/2022, Letnik:
78, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This article examines Immanuel Kant’s criticism from the perspective of the preceding tradition of critical thought, with particular emphasis on Greek philosophy. Kant himself views criticism as a ...way to go beyond dogmatism and scepticism. On the other hand – as many researchers point out – Kant’s philosophy develops certain themes present in ancient scepticism. In the literature, there are numerous studies demonstrating Kant’s debt to the Pyrrhonian scepticism characteristic of Sextus Empiricus (ephecticism and epechism). In this article, I try to show that two different interpretations of scepticism can be formed on the basis of Sextus’ writings: zetetic scepticism and ephectic scepticism. Theinterpretation considers ἐποχή and ἰσοσθένεια as key ideas for scepticism and it is this latter option that is recognized in Kant’s thought by scholars, especially by Michael Forster. In my opinion, however, it is the first interpretation, not yet sufficiently recognized, that constitutes at least an equally strong complement to the first and may even be regarded as the proper source of Kant’s critical philosophy.
The role of Greek thought in the final days of the Roman republic is a topic that has garnered much attention in recent years. This volume of essays, commissioned specially from a distinguished ...international group of scholars, explores the role and influence of Greek philosophy, specifically Epicureanism, in the late republic. It focuses primarily (although not exclusively) on the works and views of Cicero, premier politician and Roman philosopher of the day, and Lucretius, foremost among the representatives and supporters of Epicureanism at the time. Throughout the volume, the impact of such disparate reception on the part of these leading authors is explored in a way that illuminates the popularity as well as the controversy attached to the followers of Epicurus in Italy, ranging from ethical and political concerns to the understanding of scientific and celestial phenomena. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Platonic corpus is a collection of texts written under Plato’s name. It is fairly inconvenient for us, modern readers, that it includes texts hardly authored by Plato, but we are normally able, ...or deem ourselves so, to tell the difference between spurious and authentic material. Yet that ‘either-or’ logic might be too simplistic to account for the specifics of ‘school accumulation’, which continued more or less till the end of the Hellenistic epoch and implied imitation rather than deception: the Platonic corpus was in the making as long as the Academy existed. And so were its separate components: authorial and editorial revisions and ‘updates’ of dialogues are signalled both by ancient sources and by modern computational techniques. In eleven chapters provided by twelve specialists in the field, this volume explores the Platonic corpus as a living whole in its dynamic and complex development. Two major sets of questions are addressed here. The first concerns the individual components of the corpus, the institutional and philosophical context of their emergence, and questions of authorship and revision. The second question has to do with the corpus as a whole, with the progressive organization of the dialogues into a recognized body of work, including both ancient and modern editions and classifications, as well as the formation and transformations of the canon.
