More students are entering departments of animal science without prior agriculture experience, placing responsibility more profoundly on the departments to provide the industry context and ...disciplinary knowledge necessary for graduate success in animal science careers. Therefore, contemporary teaching in animal science programs requires approaches to address these needs. Our objective was to investigate the relationships between a student's agriculture background and their perception of self in an animal science department at Texas A&M University. During class, students (n = 146) in animal nutrition, a core animal science course, completed the Self-Perception Profile for College Students, previously developed at the University of Denver. The instrument measures self-perceived competence in and importance of 14 domains determined to be meaningful to college-aged students. A domain's discrepancy score was calculated as competence minus importance, such that a negative score indicates a need for improved competence in that domain. Multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between a respondent's agriculture background and their discrepancy score in each domain, controlling for the following associated covariates: GPA, age, gender study area emphasis, classification and transfer status. Discrepancy score means for students from agriculture backgrounds were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the scholastic (0.40), close friendship (0.07), and animal science knowledge (0.08) domains compared to the discrepancy score means of students without agriculture backgrounds (0.05, -0.14 and -0.77 respectively). Non-agriculture background student's negative discrepancy scores in the close friendships and animal science knowledge domains indicate a need for improved competence in these areas. Qualitative data collected concurrently supported these findings. Teaching strategies such as collaborative work, peer instruction and experiences that expose non-agriculture students to animal science knowledge in novel ways should be tested as a means of improving students' self-perceived competence in these domains.
This guidance document is intended to assist the applicant in the preparation and the presentation of an application, as foreseen in Article 7.6 of Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003, for the renewal of ...the authorisation of additives for use in animal nutrition.
Draft Endorsed by the FEEDAP Panel
14 November 2019
Submitted for public consultation
29 November 2019
End of public consultation
26 January 2020
Adoption by the FEEDAP Panel
19 November 2020
Implementation date
27 March 2021
This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2021.EN-1996/full
Abstract
Chemically defined diets are commonly used in amino acid (AA) requirement studies to allow for tight control of AA delivery. However, those diets are not representative of commercial diets ...in the market and are unpalatable. Methionine (Met) is usually the first limiting AA in cat diets, but little is known about its requirement for adult cats. Thus, the objectives of this study were: 1) to develop a semisynthetic diet limiting in Met and evaluate its effect on acceptance and feeding behavior in cats; and 2) to evaluate the effect of different sources and inclusions of Met on preference in cats fed the semisynthetic diet. A semisynthetic diet deficient in Met and total sulfur AA (TSAA) was developed. Healthy adult male cats (n = 9) were fed (0800 and 1600 h) the semisynthetic diet top dressed with DL-Met solution (T-DLM), to meet 120% of the TSAA requirement, for 8 d. Feed intake was measured and a 30-min video recording was taken at the 0800 h feeding to evaluate feeding behavior of the cats. Following the acceptability trial, two bowl tests were performed where first choice was recorded and intake ratio was calculated as consumed food (A/A + B). Three combinations were tested: semisynthetic diet deficient in Met (T-BASAL) vs. T-DLM; T-BASAL vs. diet sufficient in Met provided 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (T-MHA); and T-DLM vs. T-MHA. Average feed intake remained high throughout the acceptability period (94.5% intake of total offered), but some cats decreased intake, resulting in a decrease in BW (≤2.5% of initial BW) over time (P < 0.05). Behaviors were similar among days (P > 0.05) with the exception of grooming the chest and body (P < 0.05). No preferences were observed towards a specific treatment (Met source and level) during the two-bowl tests (P > 0.05) and agreed with the cats expressing similar feeding behaviors during the preference tests (P > 0.05). In conclusion, a semisynthetic diet deficient in Met was successfully developed and can be used in studies to evaluate the effects of low protein and AA supplemented diets. Cats seem to show no preference for Met source and/or inclusion level in a semisynthetic diet application, which is of benefit for future studies aiming to determine the Met requirement in this species.
The semisynthetic diet developed in this study can be used in future studies aiming to determine the AA requirements of adult cats.
Lay Summary
Previous studies that determined the requirement of amino acids (AA) in cats utilized experimental diets that do not represent commercial cat diets available in the market. Using this type of diets can present a challenge when applying AA requirements to commercial diet production. Thus, the goals of this study were to: 1) develop a semisynthetic diet deficient in methionine (Met) for adult cats with the inclusion of intact ingredients and to evaluate the effect of diet on behavior and acceptance; and 2) investigate the preference of a semisynthetic diet with different levels (deficient and sufficient) and sources DL-Met and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid of Met. The semisynthetic diet was well accepted by most cats. No major differences were observed in feeding behavior and preference towards Met source and level of inclusion. However, improvement in texture is recommended to increase acceptance and prevent removal of cats in feeding studies up to three weeks.
Abstract
Treats are offered to dogs to reinforce the animal–owner bond and as rewards. Wheat, which contains gluten (gliadin and glutenin proteins), is often used in treats. The United States is a ...leading producer of sorghum which might be an alternative; however, it does not have functional properties to form viscoelastic doughs, because it is mainly composed of kafirin protein. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of supplementing soluble animal proteins in whole sorghum rotary-molded baked dog treats on dog preference, sensory attributes, and oxidation rate. The treats were produced in triplicate in a 2 x 4 + 1 augmented factorial arrangement of treatments. Two whole sorghum flours (WWS and WRS), four protein sources none (NC), spray-dried plasma (SDP), egg protein (EP), and gelatin (GL), and a positive control with wheat (WWF-GTN) were evaluated. A preference ranking test with twelve dogs was performed. Additionally, five trained panelists scored the intensity of appearance, aroma, flavor, texture/mouthfeel, and aftertaste attributes. Finally, the treats were stored at 30 °C and 60% RH, and hexanal concentrations were measured on days 0, 28, 56, and 112. The data was analyzed using the statistical software SAS for the animal and oxidation rate evaluations with significance considered at P<0.05. The descriptive sensory evaluation data was analyzed using multivariate analysis (XLSTAT). The dogs did not detect differences among WWF-GTN, WWS, or WRS treats when evaluated together. However, the WWF-GTN, WWS-SDP, and WWS-EP treatments were preferred among the white sorghum treatments. The EP treatments led to some consumption difficulties by dogs because of their hard texture. The panelists reported a high degree of variation in the appearance and texture across treatments. The WRS and WWS treats with SDP or EP were darker, while NC treats had more surface cracks. Initial crispness, hardness, and fracturability were higher in EP treatments compared to all other sorghum treatments. The predominant flavor and aftertaste identified were “grainy.” The hexanal values for all treats were <1.0 mg/kg except for the EP treatments that had higher values (2.0–19.3 mg/kg) across the shelf-life test. This work indicated that the replacement of WWF-GTN by WWS and WRS, along with soluble animal proteins like SDP or GL would produce comparable preference by dogs, oxidation rates, product aromatics, flavor, aftertaste attributes, and, at a lower degree, product texture.
Lay Summary
Treats are commonly given to dogs to create a better relationship with the owner. Most treats on the market are baked and wheat based as this grain has gluten that provides good texture attributes and facilitates production. Other grains such are sorghum are widely produced in the United States. However, baking treats with alternative grains is challenging as they lack the same functional proteins. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of soluble animal proteins in whole sorghum rotary-molded dog treats on dog preference, sensory attributes, and oxidation markers, such as hexanal. Two whole sorghum flours white (WWS) and red (WRS), four protein sources none (NC), spray-dried plasma (SDP), egg protein (EP), and gelatin (GL), and a positive control with wheat (WWF-GTN) were evaluated. The dogs did not detect differences between WWF-GTN, WWS, or WRS treats when evaluated together. However, the EP treatments, because of their hard texture, led to some consumption difficulties. The panelists reported a high variation in the appearance and texture across treatments. Additionally, the predominant flavor and aftertaste identified were “grainy.” The hexanal values were not noticeable, except for the EP treatments that had higher concentrations across the duration of the evaluation.
This work indicated that the replacement of WWF-GTN by WWS and WRS, along with soluble animal proteins SDP or GL would produce comparable preference by dogs, oxidation rates, product aromatics, flavor, and aftertaste attributes, and, at a lower degree, product texture.
Organoids are self-organizing, self-renewing three-dimensional cellular structures that resemble organs in structure and function. They can be derived from adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, or ...induced pluripotent stem cells. They contain most of the relevant cell types with a topology and cell-to-cell interactions resembling that of the in vivo tissue. The widespread and increasing adoption of organoid-based technologies in human biomedical research is testament to their enormous potential in basic, translational- and applied-research. In a similar fashion there appear to be ample possibilities for research applications of organoids from livestock and companion animals. Furthermore, organoids as in vitro models offer a great possibility to reduce the use of experimental animals. Here, we provide an overview of studies on organoids in livestock and companion animal species, with focus on the methods developed for organoids from a variety of tissues/organs from various animal species and on the applications in veterinary research. Current limitations, and ongoing research to address these limitations, are discussed. Further, we elaborate on a number of fields of research in animal nutrition, host-microbe interactions, animal breeding and genomics, and animal biotechnology, in which organoids may have great potential as an in vitro research tool.
Nanotechnology is one of the major advanced technologies applied in different fields, including agriculture, livestock, medicine, and food sectors. Nanomaterials can help maintain the sustainability ...of the livestock sector through improving quantitative and qualitative production of safe, healthy, and functional animal products. Given the diverse nanotechnology applications in the animal nutrition field, the use of nanomaterials opens the horizon of opportunities for enhancing feed utilization and efficiency in animal production. Nanotechnology facilitates the development of nano vehicles for nutrients (including trace minerals), allowing efficient delivery to improve digestion and absorption for better nutrient metabolism and physiology. Nanominerals are interesting alternatives for inorganic and organic minerals for animals that can substantially enhance the bioavailability and reduce pollution. Nanominerals promote antioxidant activity, and improve growth performance, reproductive performance, immune response, intestinal health, and the nutritional value of animal products. Nanominerals are also helpful for improving assisted reproductive technologies (ART) outcomes by enriching media for cryopreservation of spermatozoa, oocytes, and embryos with antioxidant nanominerals. Despite the promising positive effects of nanominerals on animal performance and health, there are various challenges related to nanominerals, including their metabolism and fate in the animal’s body. Thus, the economic, legal, and ethical implications of nanomaterials must also be considered by the authority. This review highlights the benefits of including nanominerals (particularly nano-selenium and nano-zinc) in animal diets and/or cryopreservation media, focusing on modes of action, physiological effects, and the potential toxicity of their impact on human health.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In the past decade, animal scientists have learned that administering recombinantly derived somatotropin (growth hormone) to cows improves milk production and that giving beta-adrenergic agonists to ...meat animals improves productivity and leanness.In order for these metabolic modifiers to yield benefits, however, sound management of the animals' nutrition is necessary. This volume reports on how these substances work in the animals' metabolism, what effects they might have on nutrient requirements of domestic livestock, and what information should be developed further by investigators.The book explores the current understanding of the biology, structure, mechanisms of action, and treatment effects of somatotropin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and anabolic steroids.A companion volume to the Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals series, this authoritative volume will be required reading for animal scientists, researchers, veterinarians, livestock farmers, and faculty and students in university animal veterinary science programs.
Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) is a biennal forage legume originated from the Mediterranean basin and used for animal feeding due to its high forage quality and palatability. Several species of ...Hedysarum have been considered for their nutritional, pharmaceutical, and biological properties, and different applications have been reported, both for human consumption and animal nutrition. Although a systematic investigation of the chemical constituents of Hedysarum spp. has been performed in order to provide chemotaxonomic evidences for the genus and to support the pharmacological application of several species within the genus, few data are available on the chemical constituents of H. coronarium, and only the content of condensed tannins and flavonoids in leaves has been previously reported. In the present paper, results from a detailed chemical analysis of the extracts from the leaves and flowers of H. coronarium grown wild in southern Italy are presented. Identification of the main specialized metabolites within the chemical classes of flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and saponins, is described, including considerations on their content in the two plant organs. Information acquired from this study expands the knowledge on H. coronarium as a source of valuable phytochemicals for different applications in human and animal health and nutrition.
Summary
The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence that the injection of carbohydrate‐based solutions into embryonated eggs improves broiler performance. A literature search ...was conducted in April 2017 using the keywords broiler, carbohydrate, in ovo, nutrition and poultry. Only papers that involved in ovo carbohydrate injections in poultry were used in this study. After specific selection criteria, 17 papers were selected. The quality scoring system of the selected studies was based on the injection methodology, use of control groups, type of solution injected, period of injection, egg and hens characteristics, number of variables analysed and the statistical design. Among papers, there was no standardised procedure in to inoculate the solutions. Nevertheless, in general, in ovo feeding of carbohydrates decreases the hatch rate, improves the hatch weight, but it does not seem to influence the post‐hatch performance of broilers. The inoculation of 75 mg of glucose in the albumen seems to bring better results. Further studies are needed to improve the technical methodology of in ovo injections for commercial use.
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