New crystal, (E)-N’-(4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide (3) has been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, NMR, ESI-MS and single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). ...The optimized molecular structures of free base and cationic species of (3) in gas phase and aqueous solution, vibrational frequencies and, corresponding vibrational assignments have been investigated experimentally and theoretically by using the B3LYP/6-31G∗ and B3LYP/6–311++G∗∗ methods. High solvation energy values are observed for both species of (3) in solution while the NBO and AIM studies support the higher stability of the cationic species in solution. The high energy values ΔEσ→σ∗ and ΔEσ→π∗ transitions, due to the planarity of both CH3 groups linked to N atom, could support the high reactivities of its free base and cationic species, as compared with naloxone, cocaine and scopolamine. Complete vibrational assignments of 105 and 108 vibration modes expected for free base and cationic species of (3) together with the corresponding harmonic force constants are here reported. In vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activities were revealed for (3). The molecular docking studies of the title compound revealed that it may exhibit anti-diabetic activity via inhibition of α-glucosidase PDB:3A4A enzyme.
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•A new pyrazole derivative was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods.•Two species of new derivative were studied theoretically in gas phase and aqueous solution.•NBO and AIM studies support the higher stability of the cationic species in solution.•Complete vibrational assignments for both species and the force constants are reported.•The anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities were tested, and Molecular docking studies were carried.
The Achillea genus belongs to the Asteraceae family, which is mostly found in the northern hemisphere and is comprised of 115 species in the world. In Turkish flora, there are 52 species and 58 taxa, ...among them half of which are recorded as endemic. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no biological activity studied in this species until now, with the exception of one study of the antimicrobial activity of certain essential oils. This study focused primarily on the determination of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme-inhibition activity of aqueous ethanol extract of Turkish endemic Achillea cucullata by in vitro methods. The extract exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 132.55±0.026μg/mL, the total phenol content was 53.807±0.059 (mgGAE/g), and the total flavonoid content was 21.372±0.026 (mgQE/g), on the dry-weight basis. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by a micro-dilution method focused on five microorganisms; two Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), two Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and one fungal strain Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). Results show that the MIC value for the tested microorganism was higher than 5mg/mL. In this work, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and α-glucosidase enzymes were strongly inhibited by the A. cucullata extract, and the IC50 values for these enzymes were 2.4μg/mL, 0.26μg/mL, and 24.75μg/mL, respectively. Certain acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have been used for treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the past. α-Glucosidase inhibitors are strong drug candidates, as well as potential functional food agents, for deferring the postprandial absorbency of glucose.
•Ethanol extract was prepared from endemic plant - Achillea cucullata•In vitro antioxidant was evaluated by DPPH, TPC and TFC assay•Antimicrobial activity was determined by microdilution method against five microorganisms•Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase enzymes were impressively inhibited by the A. cucullata ethanol extract
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition characterised by a persistent rise in blood glucose levels. Diabetes is just one of the many disorders that can be treated using natural ...remedies made from plants. Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) DC, belongs to the family Bignoniaceae, commonly known as Padri. It is employed as a folk remedy in southern India to cure diabetes. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the potential anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties of the hydroalcoholic extract of S. suaveolens (Roxb.) DC leaves through phytochemical screening and in vitro assays. Methods: Leaves of S. suaveolens (Roxb.) DC were collected and processed to obtain a hydroalcoholic extract. The extract was subjected to qualitative analysis to identify the presence of various phytochemical constituents. The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was evaluated using Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and DPPH racial scavenging assay. In vitro anti-diabetic studies were performed through α-amylase inhibition assay and glucose uptake assay. Results: The hydroalcoholic extract of S. suaveolens (Roxb.) DC leaves exhibited the presence of bioactive compounds. The extract demonstrated dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity in the in vitro antioxidant assays. The extract showed remarkable inhibitory activity against α-amylase, suggesting its potential in controlling carbohydrate digestion. Also the extract significantly enhanced glucose uptake by yeast cells, indicating its potential to regulate blood glucose levels. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the hydroalcoholic extract of S. suaveolens (Roxb.) DC leaves possesses both antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. These results suggest its potential as a natural medicinal agent for the management and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
•The source of α-glucosidase has an impact on the experimental results.•Diacylated anthocyanins have α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activities.•The activity of flavonoids is affected by ...subtle changes of their structure.•The mechanism of action of fatty acids needs to be elucidated.
The inhibition of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity facilitates the maintenance of circulating glucose levels by decreasing the rate of blood sugar absorption. Existing enzyme inhibitors such as acarbose, miglitol, and voglibose are used for inhibiting the activity of these enzymes, however, alternative solutions are required to avoid the side-effects of using these drugs. The current study aims to review recent evidence regarding the in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities of extracts derived from selected fruit, vegetables, and mushrooms. The mechanisms of action of the extracts involved in the inhibition of both enzymes are also presented and discussed. Compounds including flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, saponins, carotenoids, terpenes, sugars, proteins, capsaicinoids, fatty acids, alkaloids have been shown to have α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities. Harvesting period, maturity stage, sample preparation, extraction technique, and solvent type are parameters that affect the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities of the extracts.
Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a pressing global public health concern in the 21st century, necessitating the exploration of effective and safer therapeutic alternatives to conventional synthetic ...anti-diabetic medications. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of Castanopsis tribuloides through a multi-faceted approach encompassing in vitro, in vivo, and in silico experiments. In vitro assessments revealed that the methanol extract of C. tribuloides bark (CtbME) exhibited remarkable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, as demonstrated by a low IC50 value of 550 μg/mL, surpassing that of acarbose (600 μg/mL). Furthermore, CtbME administration led to a significant and dose-dependent reduction in hyperglycemic blood glucose levels. Twenty-three secondary metabolites were identified in GC-MS analysis. Molecular docking analysis was employed to elucidate the molecular interactions between C. tribuloides constituents and α-glucosidase. Rutin hydrate, catechin hydrate, and betulin exhibited higher binding affinity than acarbose, where rutin hydrate demonstrated exceptional stability throughout molecular dynamics simulation (MDS), affirming the accuracy of the docking data. The findings of this research underscore the potential of C. tribuloides as a source of anti-diabetic agents and provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying its efficacy.
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•CtbME exhibited remarkable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.•CtbME significantly reduced hyperglycemic blood glucose levels in diabetic mice.•GC-MS analysis of CtbME identified 23 secondary metabolites.•Rutin hydrate and betulin showed strong binding affinity to α-glucosidase.•The α-glucosidase inhibitory mechanism was confirmed by MD simulation.
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were prepared by adding Catathelasma ventricosum polysaccharides (CVPs) to the redox system of selenite and ascorbic acid. Taking particle size as an investigation ...index, the optimal synthesis conditions of CVPs-SeNPs were obtained by orthogonal test. Herein, the diameter, morphology, and stability of the CVPs-SeNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, the antidiabetic activities of CVPs-SeNPs were evaluated by STZ (streptozocin)-induced diabetic mice. The obtained results showed that, optimum synthesis conditions of CVPs-SeNPs were: ultrasonic time 60min, concentration of Vc 0.04M, reaction time 2h, pH7.0. Under these conditions, mean diameter of the synthesized CVPs-SeNPs was around 49.73nm. TEM of CVPs-SeNPs prepared in optimal conditions showed individual and spherical nanostructure. CVPs-SeNPs (particle size of about 50nm) could be stable for approximately 3months at 4°C, but only 1month at 25°C. The results on serum profiles and antioxidant enzymes levels revealed that CVPs-SeNPs had a potential antidiabetic effect. In addition, CVPs-SeNPs showed significantly higher antidiabetic activity (p<0.05) than other selenium preparations such as SeNPs, selenocysteine, sodium selenite.
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•Four methods were used to extract polysaccharides from comfrey root (CRPs).•CRPs showed diversity in yield, molecular weight and chemical composition.•CRPs obtained by ...enzyme-ultrasonic assistance method was named as EUA-CRPs.•EUA-CRPs showed better antioxidant ability and α-glucosidase inhibition activity.
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) has long been used in folk medicine due to its effects of anti-inflammatory and acesodyne. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of extraction techniques on the physicochemical properties and activities of polysaccharides from comfrey root (CRPs). CRPs were extracted by using four methods including hot water extraction (HW), ultrasonic assistance extraction (UA), enzyme assistance extraction (EA) and enzyme-ultrasonic assistance extraction (EUA). The results showed that CRPs extracted by EUA method (EUA-CRPs) had the highest extraction yield of 24.51%. HPLC analysis presented that the monosaccharide compositions of the four CRPs were indentical, but the monosaccharide content was significantly different. EUA-CRPs had better antioxidant activity, which might be related to its smaller molecular weight and higher content of uronic acid. EUA-CRPs exhibited notable α-glucosidase inhibition activity. The results suggested that enzyme-ultrasonic assistance technology was a good way to extract polysaccharides from comfrey root.
In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel class of 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl-containing β-carboline derivatives, i.e., compounds f1∼f35 as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. All the synthesized ...compounds possessed outstanding α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 values in the range of 3.07–15.49 μM, representing that they are 36∼183-fold more active than a positive control, acarbose (IC50 = 564.28 μM). Among them, compound f26 exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 3.07 μM) and was demonstrated to function as a reversible and noncompetitive inhibitor. Mechanistic studies by means of 3D fluorescence spectra, CD spectra and molecular docking suggested that complexation of compound f26 with α-glucosidase through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, led to changes in the conformation and secondary strictures of α-glucosidase and further the inhibition of the enzymatic activity. In vivo results showed that oral administration of compound f26 (50 mg/kg/day) could obviously reduce the levels of fasting blood glucose and improve glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia in diabetic mice. The present findings suggest that compound f26 is exploitable as a potential lead compound for the development of new α-glucosidase inhibitors with antidiabetic activity.
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•1,3,4-oxadiazolyl-containing β-carboline derivatives f1∼f35 were and synthesized.•All compounds showed potential α-glucosidase inhibitors.•The inhibition mechanism of f26 was investigated by multispectral methods.•f26 presented in vivo hypoglycemic activity in STZ-induced diabetic mice.
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