•Two new steriods were identified and evaluated the cytotoxicity and antifungal activity.•Compound 1 was the first identified steroid containing γ-butyrolactone moiety at C-3 positon.
Chemical ...investigation of the fungus Trichoderma asperellum SCNU-F0048 led to the discovery of two new steroids, ergosta-4,6,8 (14),22-tetraen-3-(3′-methyl-4′-hydroxyl-γ-butenolide) (1) and camphosterol B (2), as well as two known compounds, i.e. stigmasta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (3) and 4-hydroxy-17- methylincisterol (4). Their structures were elucidated by extensive nuclear mangnetic resonance, spectrum analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Bioassay disclosed that compound 1 showed strong cytotoxicity to a panel of tumor cell lines. Moreover, compounds 1 and 2 showed excellent antifungal activity against Penicillium italicum with IC50 values of 0.016 and 0.022 μM, respectively.
Lipopeptides produced by beneficial bacilli present promising alternatives to chemical pesticides for plant biocontrol purposes. Our research explores the distinct plant biocontrol activities of ...lipopeptides surfactin (SRF) and fengycin (FGC) by examining their interactions with lipid membranes. Our study shows that FGC exhibits a direct antagonistic activity against Botrytis cinerea and no marked immune-eliciting activity in Arabidopsis thaliana while SRF only demonstrates an ability to stimulate plant immunity. It also reveals that SRF and FGC exhibit diverse effects on membrane integrity and lipid packing. SRF primarily influences membrane physical state without significant membrane permeabilization, while FGC permeabilizes membranes without significantly affecting lipid packing. From our results, we can suggest that the direct antagonistic activity of lipopeptides is linked to their capacity to permeabilize lipid membrane while the stimulation of plant immunity is more likely the result of their ability to alter the mechanical properties of the membrane. Our work also explores how membrane lipid composition modulates the activities of SRF and FGC. Sterols negatively impact both lipopeptides' activities while sphingolipids mitigate the effects on membrane lipid packing but enhance membrane leakage. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the importance of considering both membrane lipid packing and leakage mechanisms in predicting the biological effects of lipopeptides. It also sheds light on the intricate interplay between the membrane composition and the effectiveness of the lipopeptides, providing insights for targeted biocontrol agent design.
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•SRF and FGC's biological effects correlate with distinct impacts on membrane lipids.•Antifungal activity was observed for FGC but not for SRF.•Stimulation of plant immunity was observed for SRF but not for FGC.•FGC permeabilizes membranes with little impact on lipid packing.•SRF alters membrane lipid packing with little impact on membrane permeability.
In this study, propolis was first loaded into a conventional oil-in-water emulsion, which was combined with a chitosan film-forming solution to produce propolis emulsion-loaded film (PEF). ...Strawberries inoculated with Botrytis cinerea coated with PEF and blank emulsion-loaded films (BEF) were stored for 14 days at 4 °C. Compared to BEF, PEF showed superior mechanical and oxygen barrier properties, as well as antioxidant activities, but higher moisture permeability. PEF showed less oil agglomeration on the film surface after drying, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Compared to uncoated strawberries, coatings did not have a significant effect on weight loss or firmness during storage. In contrast, coated strawberries showed elevated total phenolics, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid retention; however, PEF-coating yielded higher values. Moreover, the PEF coating resulted in a significantly lower reduction of organic acid and total soluble solids. Mold growth was visible in both uncoated and BEF-coated strawberries after 7 days of storage, while PEF-coated fruits showed no visible mold until the end of storage. Starting from day 4, PEF-coated fruits showed lower mold counts (~2 log CFU/g) than other samples. Therefore, the PEF prepared in this study has application potential for the preservation of fresh fruits.
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•Propolis emulsion-loaded films (PEF) showed superior oxygen barrier property.•Coating of strawberries did not reduce the softening during storage.•PEF-coating provided lower reduction of organic acid and total soluble solid.•PEF-coated strawberries retained higher anthocyanins during storage.•PEF-coating exhibited higher antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea.
Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum are phytopathogenic fungi that produce the deterioration of fruits. Thus, essential oil (EO) has emerged as a sustainable strategy to minimize the use of ...synthetic fungicides, but their volatility and scarce solubility restrict their application. This study proposes the EO of Oreganum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) based chitosan/PVA hydrogels to reduce the infestation of fungi phytopathogen. EO of O. vulgare and T. vulgaris-loaded SLN had a good homogeneity (0.21–0.35) and stability (−28.8 to −33.0 mV) with a mean size of 180.4–188.4 nm. The optimization of EO-loaded SLN showed that the encapsulation of 800 and 1200 μL L−1 of EO of O vulgare and T. vulgaris had the best particle size. EO-loaded SLN significantly reduced the mycelial growth and spore germination of both fungi pathogen. EO-loaded SLN into hydrogels showed appropriate physicochemical characteristics to apply under environmental conditions. Furthermore, rheological analyses evidenced that hydrogels had solid-like characteristics and elastic behavior. EO-loaded SLN-based hydrogels inhibited the spore germination in B. cinerea (80.9 %) and P. expansum (55.7 %). These results show that SLN and hydrogels are eco-friendly strategies for applying EO with antifungal activity.
•Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were suitable nanocarriers for essential oil (EO)•EO-loaded SLN reduced mycelial growth and spore germination of fungi.•Hydrogel based on chitosan/PVA showed a good property to contain SLN.•EO-loaded SLN based hydrogel reduce spore germination of fungi.
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•Three new highly oxygenated azaphilones were isolated from Penicillium sp. LZUC-S1.•Compound 1 belongs to a rare class of azaphilone possessing an acetonyl at C-8.•Some azaphilones ...showed antifungal activity against four phytopathogenic fungi.
Three new highly oxygenated azaphilones, penicilphilones A–C (1–3), along with four known analogues (4–7) were isolated from the culture of Penicillium sp. LZUC-S1. Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic data interpretation, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation, and DP4+ analysis. 1 belongs to a rare class of azaphilone possessing an acetonyl at C-8. 2, 5, and 6 are uncommon azaphilones holding a chain with four carbons at C-8. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 showed potent activities against the selected phytopathogenic fungi with inhibitory rates ranging from 49.8 to 78.6 % at 50 μg/mL. In addition, a putative biogenetic pathway for compounds 1, 2, 5, and 6 was proposed.
In this work, the antifungal activity of rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa #112 was evaluated against Aspergillus niger MUM 92.13 and Aspergillus carbonarius MUM 05.18. It was ...demonstrated that the di-rhamnolipid congeners were responsible for the antifungal activity exhibited by the crude rhamnolipid mixture, whereas mono-rhamnolipids showed a weak inhibitory activity. Furthermore, in the presence of NaCl (from 375 mM to 875 mM), the antifungal activity of the crude rhamnolipid mixture and the purified di-rhamnolipids was considerably increased. Dynamic Light Scattering studies showed that the size of the structures formed by the rhamnolipids increased as the NaCl concentration increased, being this effect more pronounced in the case of di-rhamnolipids. These results were confirmed by Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy, which revealed the formation of giant vesicle-like structures (in the µm range) by self-assembling of the crude rhamnolipid mixture in the presence of 875 mM NaCl. In the case of the purified mono- and di-rhamnolipids, spherical structures (also in the µm range) were observed at the same conditions. The results herein obtained demonstrated a direct relationship between the rhamnolipids antifungal activity and their aggregation behaviour, opening the possibility to improve their biological activities for application in different fields.
Recently, there has been considerable attention towards the production of environmentally friendly nanoparticles (NPs). In this investigation, the successful synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles ...(CeO2 NPs) was achieved by employing an eco-friendly technique that utilized an extract from the leaves of local plant quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.). The synthesized CeO2 NPs were subjected to characterization using state-of-the-art methods. The prepared CeO2 NPs contained a round shape with clusters and have a size of 7–10 nm. To assess how effective CeO2 NPs derived from C. quinoa were against Ustilago tritici, a fungal disease that negatively affects wheat crop globally, a study was performed on two varieties of wheat crop comprised of Arooj (V1) and Akber (V2), cultivated under field conditions. CeO2 NPs were applied foliarly twice to the wheat crop at four different concentrations: T0 (0 mg/L), T1 (50 mg/L), T2 (75 mg/L), and T3 (100 mg/L). The results revealed that the control group (T0) exhibited the highest disease severity index (DSI) with a value of 75% compared to the other concentrations of CeO2 NPs on both varieties. At a concentration of 100 mg/L of CeO2 NPs, the DSI dropped to a minimum of 35% and 37% on both V1 and V2 respectively. These findings indicated that an increase in the concentration of CeO2 NPs has a beneficial impact on disease severity. Similar patterns have also been observed with disease incidence (DI), with the greatest efficacy observed at a concentration of 100 mg/L of CeO2 NPs. Our investigation has shown that CeO2 NPs exhibitd significant antifungal potential against U. tritici which may be a promising strategy to mitigate fungal disease and crop losses globally.
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•Chenopodium quinoa leaf extract was used to synthesie CeO2 NPs•Antifungal potential of CeO2 NPs was tested in field grown wheat plants•CeO2 NPs exhibited significant antifungal activity against Ustilago tritici.•CeO2 NPs could be a promising strategy to combat wheat fungal disease
A facile synthesis of a new thiazol-2-amine derivative as antimicrobial agent and condensation with substituted thiourea compounds to afford the corresponding substituted thiazole derivatives in ...excellent yields. All the reactions were completed within less reaction time at reflux temperature. According to the result obtained, the compounds 3b, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3i, 3l, and 3m were found the leader antimicrobial activity with the highest MIC values. The synthesized compound can be considered to develop new antimicrobial drug candidates. Amongst these, many compounds show better antibacterial and antifungal activity. The compounds 3b, 3d, 3e, 3l, and 3m exhibited significant antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus, and E. coli. The compounds 3f, 3g, 3i show significant antifungal against fungal strains i.e., C. albicans, A. flavus and A. niger.
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