Antioxidant activity test for the extract of ethyl acetate nutmeg stem bark (Myristica fragrans Houtt) was carried out using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazil (DPPH). The test results of antioxidant ...activity of ethyl acetate nutmeg stem bark extract with DPPH method at a concentration of 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm obtained IC50 value = 68.14 ppm with IC50 value of vitamin C (as positive control) 3.657 ppm. The results of column chromatographic separation of ethyl acetate nutmeg stem bark extract obtained 5 combined fractions namely MFEK 1, MFEK 2, MFEK 3, MFEK 4 and MFEK 5. The test results of the fraction antioxidant activity in a good category were the MFEK 1 fraction. The MFEK 2 fraction to MFEK 5 showed an antioxidant activity lower than compared to the ethyl acetate extract. This shows that the ethyl acetate nutmeg stem bark extract has a better inhibitory activity, because there are several active compounds contained in the extract which can inhibit free radicals, so the IC50 value of the extract is better than the fractions.
ABSTRACTBackground: Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular pathogen transmitted by the ticks that cause equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA). This pathogen is infects predominantly ...blood cells, principally granulocytes and especially neutrophils. A. phagocytophilum causes an acute febrile disease in horses accompanying with lethargy, loss of appetite, lameness and hemorrhages. In horses, this disease should be considered in all acute symptoms accompanied by thrombocytopenia and leukopenia identified by hematological test performed. Tick-borne pathogens have become increasingly threatening for both animals and also public health since ticks mostly carry numerous well-documented and undocumented pathogens, and the geographical range of ticks has expanded in the recent years. This research has aimed to evaluate the impact of A. phagocytophilum infection on some oxidative/nitrosative stress parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, proinflammatory biomarkers and trace element levels in horses.Materials, Methods & Results: The present study has been carried out using blood samples collected from 93 horses aged 1-year and older. The blood samples were centrifuged and sera were separated. Serum samples stored in the freezer (-20°C) until the day of analysis. The DNA was extracted from blood and analysed by nested-PCR technique targeting 16S rRNA gene of A. phagocytophilum and then positive PCR products were sequenced. A. phagocytophilum was 6 horses (6.4%) showed positive nested-PCR results. An infected group comprised of 6 positive horses according to PCR analysis results also 6 healthy horses as control were selected. Serum SOD (Horse Superoxide Dismutase(Cu-Zn)) ELISA Kit, MPO (ELISA Assay Kit Horse Myeloperoxidase) and GPx (Horse glutathione peroxidase 1 ELISA Kit Assay), IL1 (Horse Interleukin 1 Beta ELISA Kit), IL6 (Horse Interleukin 6 ELISA Kit), TNF α (Horse Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha ELISA Kit) and IL18 (Horse Interleukin 18 (IL18) ELISA Kit) levels were determined by ELISA reader. Serum TAS ,TOS Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) levels were determined using colorimetric kit method. The determination of peroxynitrite was performed using spectrophotometry as described by Vanuffelen. The levels of Fe, Zn, Se, Cu, Mn, Ar, Cr, Co, Cd Ni and Pb elements were analyzed by ICP-OES. Total oxidant status (TOS) and peroxynitrite levels of the positive group infected with A. phagocytophilum were found to be higher compared with the control group (P < 0.05, respectively). Whereas, total antioxidant status (TAS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) ,superoxide dismutase (SOD), G6PD and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were detected to be statistically significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05, respectively). Cu, Mn, Se and Zn levels were also found to be lower in the infected group (P < 0.05, respectively). IL1, IL6, TNFα and IL18 from proinflammatory markers were elevated in the A. phagocytophilum infected group (P < 0.05, respectively).Discussion: The evaluation of the proinflammatory biomarkers with respect to host-parasite interactions has been suggested as a beneficial clinical tool for determination of the infection severity and diagnosis of the disease. As a conclusion, increased oxidative stress and high levels of some proinflammatory biomarkers assessed by the multibiomarker analysis carried out for the infection in the horses caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum will provide a contribution to diagnosis, treatment and clarification of the pathogenesis.Keywords: anaplasmosis, EGA, tick-borne pathogens, pro-inflammatory cytokine, antioksidant, oxidative/nitrosative stress, equine.
Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of crocin on mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, SOD, CAT and GPX in the brain of the STZ induced diabetic rats.
Methods: Thirty ...animals randomized in three groups containing ten animals in each group as follows; control (non-diabetic rats), DM (STZ-induced untreated diabetic rats), DM+crocin (STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with crocin,). Crocin was given at a dose of 20 mg/kg bw/day by gavage for 21 days.
Results: STZ injection caused a significant increase in mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, SOD, CAT and GPX when compared to control group. Crocin given to diabetic rats significantly decreased mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, SOD, CAT and GPX when compared to DM group.
Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that crocin can modulate mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, SOD, CAT and GPX and oxidative stress in the brain of the STZ induced diabetic rats.
In this research, the salt tolerance of salt-tolerant (Avcı-2002) and salt-sensitive (Tokak 157/37) barley cultivars were analyzed. The seedlings were grown in a hydroponic culture containing 0, 100, ...200 and 300 mM NaCl. The decrease in dry weight was more significant in Tokak 157/37 than in Avcı-2002. On the other hand, no significant correlations were found between the altered δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and the chlorophyll content. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in leaves of Avcı-2002 decreased significantly at only 300 mM NaCl, whereas the pigment contents of Tokak 157/37 decreased at all NaCl concentrations. The increase in proline content was significantly higher in Avcı-2002 than in Tokak 157/37 at 300 mM NaCl. The lipid peroxidation level measured in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) content was higher in Tokak 157/37 than in Avcı-2002. Salt stress caused significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activity. However, Avcı-2002 had relatively lower SOD and CAT activities and higher POD and APX activities than Tokak 157/37. As a result, dry weight, pigments content, proline content, lipid peroxidation and activities of POD and APX results are in good correlation with supporting Avcı-2002 being relatively salt-tolerant.
Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the possible protective effects of seven cultivars of olive on ...lipid peroxidation induced by iron in mice liver.
Methods: Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using different assays, including thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), total antioxidant, 2,2-diphenlyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and metal ion-chelating activities.
Results: The aqueous extracts of fruit showed inhibition against thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) induced by pro-oxidant (10 μM FeSO4) in mice liver. The order of the antioxidant activity among different cultivars on lipid peroxidation assay is Maurino>Mission> Picholine>Ascolano>Carolea>Itrana>Pedolina. Moreover, the free radical scavenging activities of the extracts was evaluated by the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (IC
, 85.9 μg/ml (Ascolano), 82.1 μg/ml (Mission), Pedolino and Carolea >200 μg/ml, 85.1 μg/ml (Picholine), 143.6 μg/ml (Maurino) and 150 μg/ml (Itrana). Principal component analysis showed that phenolics and flavonoids contributed to the antioxidant activity of olives.
Conclusion: The oxidative stress in liver can be potentially managed/prevented by the dietary intake of olive fruit.
Previous studies indicated the possibility of antioxidative and cardioprotective effects of certain organic palladium compounds. Experimental study was conducted on isolated rat heart to investigate ...and compare the effects of organic and inorganic palladium compounds on contractility, coronary flow and viability of the heart. The importance of less toxicity of organic palladium compounds is the treatment of poisoned patients with palladium. The investigated compounds were: triethanolamine (TEA), triethanolamine acetate (TEAA), trans-dihlorobis (triethanolamine-N) palladium (II) complex and the palladium (II) chloride (PdCl2) in increasing concentrations: from 10 ng / ml to 100 mg / ml. Hemodynamic parameters were registered (dP / dt max, SLVP, DLVP, MBP, HR, coronary flow), the parameters of oxidative stress (NO, TBARS, O 2 ˉ, H2O2) and enzymes of myocardial necrosis (AST, ALT, LDH, CK, CK-MB) were determined in the coronary venous effluent. PdCl2 reduced contractility of the heart by decreasing DLVP and MBP. Other compounds caused reduction of heart rate and coronary flow, whereas the effects of PdCl2 were much greater than the effects of TEA and its Pd (II) complex. These results indicate a lower cardiotoxicity of organic palladium compounds. There was no significant pro- or antioxidant activity of palladium compounds in cardiomyocytes, except the reduction of TBARS by Pd complex. Palladium (II) compounds didn’t show significant cytotoxic effects on heart cells. PdCl2 induced statistically significant inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), while Pd complex caused statistically significant inhibition of LDH, creatine kinase (CK) and isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), but the absolute levels of investigated enzymes were under the limits which indicating the damage of the cells. This results and previous available research results of the less toxicity of organic palladium compounds in regard to inorganic are controversial. Cardiotoxic effects observed in our study should inspire further research
Prethodne studije ukazale su na moguće antioksidativno i kardioprotektivno dejstvo izvesnih organskih jedinjenja paladijuma. Sprovedena je eksperimentalna studija na izolovanom srcu pacova, u cilju ispitivanja i upoređenja efekata organskih i neorganskih jedinjenja paladijuma na kontraktilnost, koronarni protok i vijabilnost srca. Značaj manje toksičnosti organskih jedinjenja ogleda se pre svega u lečenju pacijenata otrovanih paladijumom. Ispitivana jedinjenja su: trietanolamin (TEA), trietanolamin acetat (TEAA), trans-dihlorobis(trietanolamin-N)paladijum (II) kompleks i paladijum (II)-hlorid (PdCl2) u rastućim koncentracijama: od 10 ng/ml do 100 μg/ml. Registrovani su hemodinamski parametri (dP/dt max, SLVP, DLVP, MBP, HR, koronarni protok), a iz koronarnog venskog efluenta određivani su parametri oksidativnog stresa (NO, TBARS, O2ˉ, H2O2) i enzimi nekroze miokarda (AST, ALT, LDH, CK, CK-MB). PdCl2 je izazvao smanjenje kontraktilnosti srca koje se manifestovalo padom vrednosti dijastolnog i srednjeg pritiska u levoj komori. Ostala jedinjenja izazvala su smanjenje frekvence srca i koronarnog protoka, pri čemu su efekti PdCl2 bili znatno izraženiji od TEA i njegovog Pd(II) kompleksa. Ovakvi rezultati ukazuju na manju kardiotoksičnost organskih jedinjenja paladijuma. Ne postoji signifikantno pro- ili antioksidativno dejstvo jedinjenja paladijuma u kardiomiocitima, osim smanjenja indeksa lipidne peroksidacije dejstvom Pd kompleksa. Paladijum(II) jedinjenja ne pokazuju značajno citotoksično dejstvo na srčane ćelije. PdCl2 dovodi do statistički značajne inhibicije aktivnosti laktat dehidrogenaze (LDH), dok Pd kompleks izaziva statistički značajnu inhibiciju LDH, kreatin kinaze (CK) i njenog izoenzima MV (CK-MB), ali su apsolutni nivoi ispitivanih enzima ispod granice koja označava oštećenje ćelija. Prikazani rezultati u ovoj studiji, kao i dosadašnji dostupni rezultati istraživanja kontraverzni su po pitanju manje toksičnosti organskih jedinjenja paladijuma u odnosu na neorganska. Kardiotoksični efekti observirani u našoj studiji trebalo bi da inspirišu dalja istraživanja o toksičnosti paladijuma na ljudsku populaciju.
Catalase plays a major role in the protection of tissues from the toxic effects of $H_2O_2$ and partially reduced oxygen species. A nearly 136-fold enzyme purification was obtained from chicken ...erythrocyte by acetone precipitation, ethanol-chloroform treatment, CM-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The specific activity of purified enzyme was 42,556 U/mg. The molecular weight of the native chicken erythrocyte catalase was estimated at 240 kDa by gel filtration. SDS-gel electrophoresis results indicated that chicken erythrocyte catalase consists of four apparently identical subunits, with a molecular weight of around 57.5 kDa. The optical spectrum of the purified enzyme shows a Soret band at 406 nm, which is the characteristic for the heme group. Dithionite treatment of the enzyme resulted in the reduction of enzyme.The Km of chicken erythrocyte catalase was 33 mM $H_2O_2$. The maximal activity of catalase was observed between pH 6.0 and 8.0. Enzyme activity was stable at temperatures between 10 and 30 C. The activity of purified catalase was inhibited by azide, cyanide, $\beta$ -mercaptoethanol, dithiotreitol (DTT) and iodoacetamide.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this study, it was aimed to demonstrate the effect of humic acid applications on some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of eggplant genotypes (Burdur Merkez, Burdur ...Bucak, Kemer and Giresun) irrigated with the irrigation water with a high content of heavy metal and determined previously salt tolerance levels. In studies conducted in controlled greenhouse conditions, eggplant seeds germinated in the growth substrate a mixture of peat and perlite and the seedlings were transplanted into pots at 20 days after sowing. Plants when they are 4-5 true leaves, 3 different humic acid levels (0, 500, 1000 ppm) have been applied and 7 days later after this application began to be watered with 3 different irrigation water comprising a mixture of various doses of heavy metals (control: 0 ppm; I. Mixture: 0.2 ppm 5 ppm to 0.01 ppm Cd + Cu + Pb + 2 ppm Zn, II. mixture: +0.02 ppm 0.4 ppm Cu 10 ppm Pb + Cd + 4 ppm Zn). Field capacity level for the plants 40 days after quenched with water after which time they were harvested and samples for analysis were performed. In the study plants were investigated for shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight, shoot and root length, leaf area, chlorophyll and MDA level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme activities All genotypes are adversely affected by heavy metal applications. In parallel to increase the dose, heavy metal mixtures led to a reduction in values of fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, stem and root length, leaf area of eggplant genotypes. MDA and antioxidative enzyme activities increased in plants irrigated with water containing a mixture of heavy metal. Humic acid applications had a positive effect on reducing of the limiting effect of heavy metal stress on growth and development. As a result, compared to sensitive genotypes Giresun and Kemer, salt tolerant genotypes Burdur Merkez and Burdur Bucak showed much better resistance to abiotic stress factor which consists of heavy metal applications. The obtained results; formed also an opinion about that plants evolved similar strategies for resistance to abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and heavy metal stress.
U toku rada na svojoj doktorskoj disertaciji profesor JackMasqueliers slučajno je otkrio oligomerneproantocijanidine (OPC), koji pripadaju skupini polifenola koji najčešće sadrže dva, tri ili ...četiriflavan-3-ol molekula. Nakon višegodišnjeg istraživanja patentirao je metodu ekstrakcije OPC molekula iz sjemenki grožđa i kore drveta Piniepinusmaritima, gdje prve pokazuju iznimno visoku koncentraciju supstance. OPC predstavlja izuzetno snažan antioksidant koji neutralizira slobodne radikale, kao glavne uzročnike bolesti koje nastaju uslijed njihovog negativnog djelovanja na ćelijske membrane, te kao takav štiti ćelije od oštećenja. Posjeduje mogućnost vezivanja za proteine, osobito za kolagen i elastin čime jača otpornost krvnih i limfnih sudova. Važno je istaći i njegovo pozitivno dejstvo na imuni sistem čovjeka. Preporučeni dnevni unos u kapsularnom obliku je 50-100 mg dnevno i nisu poznati neželjeni efekti kao ni interakcije sa drugim lijekovima, osim određenih stomačnih tegoba u veoma rijetkim slučajevima. Dakle primjena OPC kao dodatka normalnoj i savjesnoj prehrani može imati iznimno pozitivne učinke na imuni sistem, vitalnost i zdravlje čovjeka u cjelini.
Sušena dimljena riba izložena je lipidnoj peroksidaciji, što može smanjiti kvalitetu krajnjeg proizvoda, ali i ugroziti zdravlje potrošača. Ovim istraživanjem ispitanoje potencijalno antioksidantsko ...djelovanje marinade Moringa oleifera na stabilnost oksidacije kod dimljenog soma te je ono uspoređeno s djelovanjem soli i butil hidroksi anisola (BHA), sintetičkog antioksidanta.Obrađeno je 72 primjeraka soma (208 ± 6 g),a ravnomjerno su raspoređeni u 6 skupina tretiranih antioksidansima te izloženih vrućem dimu. Skupine s obzirom na vrstu tretmana i postotak izloženosti bile su sljedeće: kontrolna skupina (0%), 3 skupine somovatretiranih marinadom Moringa oleifera (MOM)(1%, 2% i 3%), somovi u rasolu (w/v) (5%) i somovi u butil hidroksi anisolu (w/v) (0,2%). Dimljena riba bila je pohranjena na sobnoj temperaturi (35 ± 10C)8 tjedana. Peroksidacija lipida tjedno je praćena pomoću ispitivanja tiobarbiturnom kiselinom (TBA). Rezultati su pokazali smanjenje lipidne peroksidacijekod skupina somova u marinadi Moringa oleifera i u butil hidroksi anisolu (p<0,05), za razliku od rezultata povećane lipidne peroksidacije kod somova iz kontrolne skupine (0,94 mg/MDA/kg) i onih tretiranih solju (0,92 mg/MDA/kg). Dakle, reaktivne promjene prilikom ispitivanja tiobarbiturnom kiselinom (TBARS)su kod pojedinih skupina somova bile manje: uzorci tretirani 1% marinadom Moringa oleifera (0,44 mg/MDA/kg), uzorci tretirani 2% i 3% istom marinadom (0,88 mg/MDA/kg; 0,85 mg/MDA/kg) i uzorci tretirani BHA-om (0,80 mg/MDA/kg). Tijekom izloženosti riba prije navedenim uvjetima, praćen je proces kvarenjariba uzrokovan oksidacijom. Prirast je bio intenzivniji u kontrolnoj i skupini riba tretiranih solju (p<0,05). Nema značajne razlike kod skupina riba tretiranih marinadomMoringa oleifera i onih tretiranih butil hidroksi anisolom. Marinada Moringa oleifera mogla bi se u osmotjednom periodu izloženosti dimljenog afričkog soma koristiti kao alternativa za BHA u suzbijanju lipidneperoksidacije.
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