Functional films were made by solution casting using three different types of carbohydrates (agar, chitosan, and carrageenan) and curcumin. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and ...Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test results showed that curcumin is homogeneously dispersed within the polymer matrix. Addition of a small amount of curcumin (1 wt%) increased the UV-blocking, swelling ratio, surface hydrophobicity, and water vapor barrier property of the carbohydrate-based films. The release rate of curcumin was influenced by the type of polymer matrix, i.e. the carrageenan-based film exhibited the fastest release of curcumin following agar and chitosan-based films. Also, the composite films exhibited high antioxidant activity and some antibacterial property depending on the type of carbohydrate, which was consistent with the release rate of curcumin, water solubility and swelling ratio of the composite films. The curcumin-incorporated carbohydrate films with increased physical and functional properties can be used for active food packaging films.
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•Curcumin-incorporated various carbohydrate-based composite films were prepared.•UV-blocking, swelling, surface hydrophobicity and WVP properties were enhanced.•Curcumin-incorporated film exhibited strong antioxidant and some antimicrobial activity.•Properties of the composite films depended on the type of carbohydrate polymer matrix.
Chemical contamination or nutrient pollution is concerning for health, environmental, and economic reasons. Ecofriendly surface modification of nanoparticles is a consistent challenge for ...agricultural purposes. In response to this environmental concern, CuO-NPs synthesized through biological method using green source and characterized for morphological and structural features through SEM (scanning electron microscope) and TEM (transmission electron microscope) spectroscopy. Our research findings illustrate that the presence of salt stress induces a notable decline in both physiological and biochemical parameters within plants. Nevertheless, the utilization of T. harzianum and CuO-NPs exhibited a mitigating effect on the detrimental consequences induced by salt stress in plants. The application of T. harzianum and the simultaneous co-inoculation with CuO-NPs notably enhanced fresh biomass and facilitated vegetative growth in comparison to the control group. Furthermore, the exposure of both T. harzianum inoculum and Copper oxide nanoparticles resulted in a significant reduction of oxidative stresses, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, H2O2, and lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels in the above-ground parts of the plant, while also minimizing electrolyte leakage (EL) by reducing root growth. Additionally, the co-inoculation of the endophyte and CuO-NPs led to a significant enhancement in antioxidant enzymatic activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and chitinase (CAT) activity in the above-ground parts, under salt stress conditions. The inoculum, along with its combination with CuO-NPs, decreased electrolyte conductivity and improved total chlorophyll contents as compared to the control. The combined application of T. harzianum and CuO-NPs improved salt tolerance in A. thaliana plants by triggering salt-associated gene expression. These findings suggest that the application of T. harzianum and CuO-NPs can considerably promote leaf anatomical changes in A. thaliana and have ability to enhance salt tolerance, particularly in saline areas.
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•CuONPs were synthesized through green route and confirmed by different analytical techniques.•Green CuONPs and Trichoderma harzianum increased vegetative growth and increased chlorophyll contents under salt stress.•Combined CuONPs T. harziamum exhibited alteration in biochemical and Ultrastructure in Arabidopsis thaliana.•Both application enhances the expression of salt stress related genes and elevated toxicity.
Climate change-induced abiotic stress hinders crop growth, providing a challenge to global food security and agricultural sustainability. An effective approach to safeguard crop production from ...drought stress is to use either a single species or co-inoculating different native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species. A pot experiment was carried out to examine the impacts of using single and combined AMF (Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Funneliformis mosseae, and Rhizophagus intraradices) on the growth and physiological-biochemical characteristics of Lallemantia species (Lallemantia iberica and L. royleana) under well-watered, moderate drought, and severe drought conditions. Drought stress had a notable negative impact on growth performance, photosynthetic rate, antioxidant enzyme activities, water use efficiency, nutrient uptake, oil and fatty acid levels, and sugar components, which were associated with restricted root development. In contrast, inoculation with mycorrhizal species, especially Mix 4 treatment (C. etunicatum, F. mosseae, and R. intraradices), significantly boosted root AMF colonization, leading to an increase in mycorrhizal growth response, mycorrhizal dependency, water use efficiency, and seed yield. Seeds produced under Mix 4 inoculation showed the highest levels of mucilage, sugar compounds, oil, and fatty acid compositions, compared with individual AMF and other AMF mixtures. Furthermore, the presence of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced by applying Mix 4 treatment under drought stress. It suggested that a combination of AMF species can better promote the growth and yield of Lallemantia species during drought stress by preserving the plants' physiological functions than single arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus.
•In Lallemantia, 60 % of field capacity conditions achieved a good yield.•Single and mixture of AMF led to an increase in water use efficiency and minerals under drought.•Mixture of three AMF species boosted antioxidant defense to alleviate oxidative damage under drought.•Sugar components were higher in inoculated L. royleana than inoculated L. iberica.
Lignin, a biopolymer obtained from agricultural/forestry residues or paper pulping wastewater, is rich in aromatic structure, which is central to its adoption as a candidate to natural antioxidants. ...Through insight into its structural features from biomass, different functional groups would influence lignin antioxidant activity, wherein phenolic content is the most important factor, hence massive studies have focused on its improvement via different pretreatments and post-processing methods. Besides, lignin nanoparticles and chemical modifications are also efficient methods to improve antioxidant activity via increasing free content and decreasing bond dissociation enthalpy of phenolic hydroxyl. Lignin samples exhibit comparable radicals scavenging ability to commercial ones, showing their potential as renewable alternatives of synthesized antioxidants. Besides, their applications have also been discussed, which demonstrates lignin potential as an inexpensive antioxidant additive and consequent improvements on multiple functionalities. This review is dedicated to summarize lignin antioxidants extracted from biomass resources, methods to improve their antioxidant activity and their applications, which is beneficial for realizing lignin valorization.
•A new HPLC-MS/MS method for analysis of 36 phenolics in berry fruits and jams.•Blueberry exhibited higher contents of anthocyanins, flavonols and phenolic acids.•Strawberry showed higher amounts of ...flavan-3-ols, dihydrochalcones and flavanones.•Higher phenolic content in the blueberry justified greater antioxidant activity.•This HPLC-MS/MS method is reliable for quality control analyses of fruit products.
Berry fruits consumption has increased in recent years because they are rich sources of polyphenols with reported health benefits. The aim of the present work was to develop a new comprehensive and fast HPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of 36 phenolic compounds (7 anthocyanins, 9 flavonols, 4 flavan-3-ols, 2 dihydrochalcones, 2 flavanones and 12 phenolic acids) present in blueberry, strawberry, and their fruit jam. Blueberry fruits showed higher contents of anthocyanins, flavonols and phenolic acids, while strawberry fruits exhibited higher contents of flavan-3-ols, dihydrochalcones and flavanones. Anthocyanins were the main phenolic constituents in both berries. Furthermore, the higher total phenolic content in the blueberry fruit and jam justified their greater antioxidant capacity measured by DPPH free radical assay, compared to strawberry. In conclusion, this new HPLC-MS/MS method is useful and reliable for quality control and authentication analyses of blueberry and strawberry fruits and their commercial food products, such as jams.
An investigation was carried out to elucidate growth, anatomical, physiological, and major ROS detoxification pathways involved in the tolerance of A. tricolor under salinity stress. Both VA14 and ...VA3 varieties exhibited the reduction in relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic pigments, growth, increased electrolyte leakage (EL), and leaf anatomy adaptation under salinity stress, whereas VA14 was well adapted and performed better compared to VA3. Higher ROS accumulation was demonstrated in the sensitive variety (VA3) in comparison to the tolerant variety (VA14). Salinity stress changed the cellular antioxidant pool by increasing total carotenoids, ascorbate, proline, total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in both varieties. Although a higher increment was demonstrated in the tolerant variety, the proline increment was much more pronounced in the sensitive variety. Non-enzymatic antioxidant, ascorbate, carotenoids, TPC, TFC, TAC, and antioxidant enzymes SOD and APX were noted to be a major H2O2 detoxifier in the tolerant A. tricolor variety, where there is a comparatively lower H2O2 load. It was complemented by GPOX and CAT activity at a comparatively higher H2O2 load (in the sensitive variety). SOD contributed to the dismutation of superoxide radical (SOR) both in the tolerant and sensitive varieties; however, it greatly contributed to the dismutation of SOR in the tolerant variety. The increase in SOD, ascorbate, and APX makes it predominantly evident that SOD and the AsA-GSH cycle had greatly contributed to quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) of the tolerant variety of A. tricolor.
•HMPS-F2 was a homopolysaccharide and had a backbone structure of →1)-α-d-Glcp (4→.•HMPS-F4 was a natural acetylated heteropolysaccharide with a complex structure.•HM polysaccharide was a potent ...active ingredient.
The goal of this study was to elucidate the characteristics and properties of polysaccharides from different parts of cultivated Hibiscus manihot L. (HM). Polysaccharides were extracted with hot-water from the flowers, leaves, roots, stems and epidermis of HM. Two purified fractions having high content, HMPS-F2 and HMPS-F4, were isolated from floral polysaccharides. The results showed that HMPS-F2 was a homopolysaccharide composed of glucose residues with an average molecular weight of 8.59 × 104 Da, which might have a backbone structure of →1)-α-d-Glcp (4→. HMPS-F4 was a natural acetylated heteropolysaccharide with a complex structure and an average molecular weight of 1.63 × 105 Da. It was mainly composed of Rha(rhamnose), GalA(galacturonic acid), and Gal(galactose) with a molar ratio of 3.06:1.00:1.62. The results of antioxidant experiments showed that HM polysaccharides (0.125–4.0 mg/L) had certain inhibitory effects on DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals and lipid peroxidation, among which the scavenging effect on hydroxyl radicals was the best. These results suggest that HM polysaccharide is a potent active ingredient that may play an active role in the medicinal activity of HM.
•Ten phenolic compounds have been identified for the first time in finger millet.•Catechin and epicatechin are the major extractable flavonoids in finger millet.•Ferulic acid is the major bound ...phenolic compound in finger millet.•Colored finger millets have higher phenolic compounds than non-colored ones.
The profiles of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of four finger millet varieties harvested in northern Malawi were investigated. The total phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins in the free fractions ranged from 114.43 to 179.19 mg ferulic acid equivalent (FAE)/100 g, 90.24 to 202.94 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/100 g and 31.76 to 83.59 mg CE/100 g, respectively. Total phenolic contents of the bound fractions ranged from 58.27 to 123.23 mg FAE/100 g. Twenty phenolic compounds were identified in the free fractions including eighteen flavonoids, with catechin and epicatechin being the predominant flavonoids. Seventeen phenolic compounds were identified in the bound fractions, with ferulic acid being the predominant one. Ten of the identified polyphenols were firstly reported in finger millet. Darker colored finger millet varieties had higher phenolic contents and antioxidant properties than the lighter colored ones. Finger millet can be used as healthy food material and natural antioxidant resource.
•The Schiff bases 1–3 from 2-amino-4‑tert-butylphenol were synthesized and characterized by NMR,IR,HRMS and UV–vis.•The crystal structures of 1 and 3 were established by single crystal X-ray ...diffraction.•The DPPH radical scavenging rates of compounds 1 (92.62%) and 2 (91.05%) are comparable to that of Vitamin C (98.31%) at the concentration of 1.0 mg/mL.•The DFT theoretical results show that the ET-PT mechanism is reasonable and in line with the experimental well.
Schiff bases are chemical compounds formed from the condensation reaction of aldehydes or ketones with amines. In medicinal chemistry, these compounds have received widespread attention due to significant biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory. Herein, three Schiff base compounds, namely 2-(3, 5-di‑tert‑butyl‑2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-4‑tert-butylphenol (1), 2-(4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-4‑tert-butylphenol (2) and (1E)-1-((5‑tert‑butyl‑2-hydroxyphenylamino)methylene)naphthalen-2(1H)-one (3) were synthesized and characterized by NMR,IR,HRMS and UV–vis. Moreover, the structures of compounds 1 and 3 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The theoretically simulated NMR, IR and the UV-visible absorption spectra have been compared with the experimental datas. Based on the absorbed UV spectra and TD-DFT calculations, assignment of the absorption bands are carried out. The antioxidant capacity of three butylphenol derivatives was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging experiments using Vitamin C as a standard drug. The scavenging rates of compounds 1 (92.62%) and 2 (91.05%) were comparable to that of Vitamin C (98.31%) at the concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. In order to investigate the DPPH free radical scavenging mechanism, a theoretical study based on density functional theory (DFT) was performed. The results show that ET-PT mechanism is favored which is in agreement with the experimental results.
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Drying is an essential post-harvest processing technique used to improve the utilization efficiency of fresh fruit. The browning of Choerospondias axillaris fruits during the drying process can ...reduce their overall quality. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the browning degree and polyphenolics in C. axillaris fruits. Different browning samples dried by freeze (FD), microwave (MD), and hot air (HAD) methods, respectively, exhibited color differences (ΔE) ranging from 14.53 to 64.78. UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS analysis of the polyphenolic fractions from fresh fruit (FF), FD, MD, and HAD identified 83, 83, 83, and 56 compounds, respectively. Eight compounds were quantified by UPLC-QQQ MS-MS to evaluate the samples of different browning degrees. Correlation analysis results of HAD demonstrated the highest ΔE, while increased quantities of monomeric phenolic acids and total phenolics, attributed to enzymatic browning and oxidation degradation of flavanols. FD, led to the lowest ΔE and exhibited significantly higher levels of monomeric flavanols and total flavonoids, as well as greater antioxidant activity. It was concluded that FD could be an effective anti-browning method and suitable for the processing of C. axillaris fruits with high quality.
•Three drying methods were investigated for obtaining the different browning degree.•UPLC-MS was used to identify and quantify biochemical attributes variation.•Variations in polyphenolic were identified in the different browning process.•The increase in polyphenolics content stemmed from the degradation of flavanols.
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