O presente ensaio pretende apontar dados que permitam interpretar a narrativa de José Rodrigues Miguéis Um homem sorri à morte – Com meia cara como uma manifestação contemporânea do sentimento ...trágico. Para tal, propomos uma reflexão sobre categorias trágicas herdadas da Antiguidade Clássica, procurando mostrar a universalidade do sofrimento humano e das suas reacções face àquilo que nos ultrapassa. Através da leitura do texto migueisiano, procurar-se-á problematizar a noção de conflito enquanto elemento caracterizador da tragédia.
Ilia Pavlovich Petrushevskii (1898-1977) was one of the most outstanding historians of pre-modern Iran, not only in the Soviet Union, but globally. His article, K istorii instituta soiurgala, ...published here in English translation for the first time (no other translations have come to my attention), has been called the first scholarly work devoted entirely to the soyūrghāl. It does not diminish Petrushevskii’s merits to correct this claim: there is at least one Soviet publication that preceded Petrushevskii’s article by some years—Belenitskii’s study of the soyūrghāl in the Timurid period.The article was written as part of Petrushevskii’s doktorskaia dissertation, which was also published in 1949. The fourth chapter in Ocherki po istorii feodal’nykh otnoshenii v Azerbaidzhane i Armenii v XVI-nachale XIX vv., “Soiurgal i muʿafi” (soyūrghāl and muʿāfī, the latter category being another form of tax exemption), pp. 145-183, is this very article with minor alterations. It is not trivial to point out that the book title conveys a delimitation of research in time and space, whereas the article does not explicitly state such a restriction (but the materials discussed, of course, nevertheless derive from those periods.
The full extent of Plutarch’s moral educational program remains largely understudied, at least in those aspects pertaining to women and the gendered other. As a result, scholarship on his views on ...women have differed significantly in their conclusions, with some scholars suggesting that he is overwhelmingly positive towards women and marriage and perhaps even a “precursor to feminism,” and others arguing that he was rather negative on the issue. Like a Captive Bird: Gender and Virtue in Plutarch is an examination of these educational methods employed in Plutarch’s work to regulate the expression of gender identity in women and men. In six chapters, author Lunette Warren analyzes Plutarch’s ideas about women and gender in Moralia and Lives. The book examines the divergences between real and ideal, the aims and methods of moral philosophy and psychagogic practice as they relate to identity formation, and Plutarch’s theoretical philosophy and metaphysics. Warren argues that gender is a flexible mode of being that expresses a relation between body and soul, and that gender and virtue are inextricably entwined. Plutarch’s expression of gender is also an expression of a moral condition that signifies relationships of power, Warren claims, especially power relationships between the husband and wife. Uncovered in these texts is evidence of a redistribution of power, which allows some women to dominate other women and, in rare cases, men too. Like a Captive Bird offers a unique and fresh interpretation of Plutarch’s metaphysics which centers gender as one of the organizational principles of nature. It is aimed at scholars of Plutarch, ancient philosophy, and ancient gender studies, especially those who are interested in feminist studies of antiquity.
Der Aufsatz geht der Frage nach, ob es in der griechischen und römischen Antike Vorstellungen, Handlungsweisen oder gesellschaftliche und politische Strukturen gegeben hat, die als „rassistisch“ zu ...bezeichnen wären. Das Problem einer solchen Untersuchung besteht darin, dass in der Forschung keine Einigkeit darüber herrscht, was unter „Rassismus“ zu verstehen sei: Dominierten bis in die späten 1960er Jahren Konzeptionen, die auf einem biologischen Rassenbegriff beruhten, so wurden seither zahlreiche Theorien formuliert, die von einem kulturalistischen Verständnis des Phänomens im Sinne eines „Rassismus ohne Rassen“ ausgehen und tendenziell jegliche soziale und politische Diskriminierung – etwa aufgrund von Herkunft, Religion, Klasse, Geschlecht, Hautfarbe – als „rassistisch“ begreifen. Im ersten Teil des Aufsatzes zeichne ich die Geschichte des Rassismusbegriffs nach und entwickele eine eigene Konzeption, deren Kriterien es erlauben, kultur- und epochenübergreifend festzustellen, welche Verhältnisse wir zu Recht rassistisch nennen können, ohne zugleich jede Form von Diskriminierung als solche zu bezeichnen. Im zweiten Teil des Aufsatzes untersuche ich dann vier antike Phänomene, die in der modernen Forschung unter Rassismusverdacht stehen, unter dem Aspekt, ob hier sinnvollerweise von „Rassismus“ zu sprechen wäre: die griechische und römische Barbarenkonzeption, die sogenannte hippokratische Umwelttheorie, Aristoteles’ Theorem des „Sklaven von Natur“ und die antike Judenfeindschaft.
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