Ok ve yayın tarihi, destanlara kadar uzanmaktadır. Başlangıçta avlanmak için kullanılan ok ve yay daha sonraki dönemlerde bir savaş aleti olarak tarihteki yerini almıştır. Tarih boyunca Türkler ...birçok alanda olduğu gibi okçulukta da kendini göstermiş, bu uğraşı adeta bir sanat hâline getirmişlerdir. Okçuluğun tarihsel boyutuyla birlikte kültürel ve dinî boyutu da vardır. Hz. Peygamber okçulukla ilgili birçok hadis buyurmuş ve okçuluğun İslam tarihindeki yerine zemin hazırlamıştır. Çocukluk yıllarında bir eğlence unsuru olarak karşılaştığımız okçuluk, daha sonraki yaşlarda avlanma ve savaş aracı durumuna gelmiştir. Her kültürde ok ve yay teknik olarak değerlendirilmiş, ok ve yayın her parçası için ayrı adlandırılmalar yapılmıştır. Türk kültüründe de bu adlandırılmalar karşılık bulmuş ve birçok Türkçe terim ortaya çıkmıştır. Osmanlı döneminde okçulukla ilgili eserler, başlangıçta çeviri eserler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Sonraki dönemlerde Türk yazarlar tarafından Türkçe eserler kaleme alınmaya başlanmıştır. Gerek çeviri eserlerde olsun gerekse telif eserlerde olsun yazarlar, Türkçeye kayıtsız kalmamış, okçulukla ilgili birçok Türkçe terim ortaya çıkarmışlardır. Bu makalede okçuluk hakkında bilgi verilerek, Osmanlı döneminde yazılmış eserlerde sık kullanılan okçuluk terimlerinin belirtilmesi hedeflenmiştir.
Purpose
The aim of this investigation was to determine the most significant cardiopulmonary parameters bound with high archery scores and to assess their relationship with successful performance in ...archery.
Methods
The total of 32 archers with mean age of 17 ± 0.56 years were gathered from dissimilar archery programmes. Cardiopulmonary parameters were measured prior to shooting tests. Multivariate techniques of principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HACA), and discriminant analysis (DA) were used to analyse the data collected.
Results
The initial PCA identified 4 parameters with a higher eigenvalue (> 1). However, PCA after varimax rotation indicated 4 varifactors with high positive loadings, containing 3 respiratory parameters: forced vital capacity (FVC; 0.83), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV; 0.83), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR; 0.87); 2 pressure parameters: resting
diastolic blood pressure (RDBP; 0.78) and resting systolic blood pressure (RSBP; 0.88); 1 volume parameter: inspiratory reserve volume (IRV; 0.86); and 1 rate parameter: resting respiratory rate (RRR; 0.87). HACA divided the archers into 2 categories on the basis of their performance on the most needed parameters; these were high-optimum pulmonary capacity archers (HOCA) and low-optimum pulmonary capacity archers (LOCA). Standard, backward stepwise, and forward stepwise DA discriminated the classes from the 7 parameters with remarkable accuracy (90.63%, 93.75%, and 96.88%, respectively) for each method, confirming the classification provided by HACA.
Conclusions
It is obvious from the current outcomes that such cardiopulmonary parameters as good FVC, MVV, PEFR, IRV, RRR, and optimal RSBP and RDBP are necessary for better archery performance.
Archery, namely archery, is a static sport that requires good physical condition, including strength and endurance, especially in the upper body muscles. The purpose of the researchers was to find ...out how interested students are and how important sports are for students of Sports Education at the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta. A sample is part of the number and characteristics possessed by that population. The study took samples on Sports Education students of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta semester 1 which totaled 89. Based on the results and discussion of the data obtained, researchers can draw conclusions about the interest of Sports Education students of the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta in archery, and that the interest of Sports Education students of the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta in archery sports is low. It is proven that only 7.5% of Sports Education students of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta chose to strongly agree. There are several indicators of the reasons why students of Sports Education at the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta have a low interest in archery, namely in the question of the body to be healthy and fit, refresh the brain, and want to excel in archery sports 38.3 students of Sports Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta choose to hesitate.
Before Europeans arrived to Eastern North America, prehistoric, indigenous peoples experienced a number of changes that culminated in the development of sedentary, maize agricultural lifeways of ...varying complexity. Inherent to these lifeways were several triggers of social stress including population nucleation and increase, intergroup conflict (warfare), and increased territoriality. Here, we examine whether this period of social stress co-varied with deadlier weaponry, specifically, the design of the most commonly found prehistoric archery component in late pre-contact North America: triangular stone arrow tips (TSAT). The examination of modern metal or carbon projectiles, arrows, and arrowheads has demonstrated that smaller arrow tips penetrate deeper into a target than do larger ones. We first experimentally confirm that this relationship applies to arrow tips made from stone hafted onto shafts made from wood. We then statistically assess a large sample (n = 742) of late pre-contact TSAT and show that these specimens are extraordinarily small. Thus, by miniaturizing their arrow tips, prehistoric people in Eastern North America optimized their projectile weaponry for maximum penetration and killing power in warfare and hunting. Finally, we verify that these functional advantages were selected across environmental and cultural boundaries. Thus, while we cannot and should not rule out stochastic, production economizing, or non-adaptive cultural processes as an explanation for TSAT, overall our results are consistent with the hypothesis that broad, socially stressful demographic changes in late pre-contact Eastern North America resulted in the miniaturization-and augmented lethality-of stone tools across the region.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Endurance of Drawing-Aim-Release (DAR) during the shooting process in archery will be causing the muscles to fatigue. Besides, the archer's inability to use the right muscles for DAR will lead to a ...muscle injury as well as dropping the performance. This study aims to monitor the localized muscle fatigue of an archer during the repetitive DAR and its effect to the archer’s performance. Wet electrode sensors were placed on the specific muscles that are heavily involved in DAR such as Muscle Extensor Digitorum (MED) on the archer's bow arm and the Supraspinatus muscle at the shoulder. In order to induce fatigue, the archer has shot 72 arrows continously in 2 rounds of set. The surface electromyography (sEMG) signals of the muscle contraction are recorded during the shooting for the post-processing analysis. Each score of the shooting was also recorded to correlate with the effect of muscle fatigue to the archer’s performance. The finding of this study is that the MED and Supraspinatus begin to fatigue toward the end of each shooting round. The Root Mean Square (RMS) and Median Frequency (MDF) values for both targeted muscles increased significantly during the 6th end compare to the 1st end. It is also found that there is no correlation between muscle fatigue on MED and Supraspinatus to the score obtained by the archer where the F value is lower than F-critical while Draw (1.9339), Aim (1.3754) and Release (0.6515) phases. In conclusion, this experiment benefits archers and coaches to identify which muscles are vigorously used during the DAR process and allows for precaution and prevention procedures.
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