Biblija izvorno nije napisana za suvremenog čitatelja, ali svjedočanstvo Crkve je da i danas nastavlja čitateljima/slušateljima govoriti Božju riječ. Međutim, mnogi suvremeni čitatelji Biblije ...nailaze na tekstove koji trebaju daljnja objašnjenja jer biblijski autori nisu ponudili pojašnjenje svojih rukopisa. Pretpostavljali su da su čitatelji njihova vremena bili upoznati s okruženjem i da su mogli razumjeti napisane događaje bez daljnjeg pojašnjenja. Da bismo postigli „legitimnu“ interpretaciju starozavjetnih tekstova, prvo moramo pravilno razumjeti Sveto pismo, što znači da se biblijski tekst mora čitati u njegovu užem i širem kontekstu. Tek unutar konteksta postaje jasno što je autor htio reći. Glavni argument ovog rada pokazat će kako se Biblija može cjelovitije razumjeti samo uz pozadinu drevnoga Bliskog istoka (u daljnjem tekstu DBI). Širi kontekst sastoji se od znanja okolnih naroda tijekom biblijskih vremena (tj. hebrejske Biblije). Ispitivanjem i konzultiranjem drevnih bliskoistočnih tekstova i arheoloških nalaza, postižemo cjelovitije i bogatije razumijevanje određenoga biblijskog teksta ili odlomka. Ovaj članak prikazuje kroz nekoliko konkretnih primjera kako arheološki nalazi, natpisi i drevni bliskoistočni tekstovi mogu pomoći u razumijevanju šireg konteksta starozavjetnog svijeta. Zauzvrat, širi kontekst biblijskog svijeta može prosvijetliti i/ili razjasniti težak, nerazumljiv ili dvosmislen biblijski tekst i tada tumačenje svetopisamskih spisa postaje točnije i bliže izvornoj poruci i značenju
U radu se izlažu okvirni podatci o ranokršćanskom razdoblju na području današnje Srbije, od razdoblja tetrarhije do kraja kasne antike. U to doba na tlu Srbije nalazilo se nekoliko kasnoantičkih ...rimskih provincija s bogatim gradovima koji su bili središta kršćanskoga života. Najvažniji grad tijekom 3. i 4. st. bio je Sirmium, središte prefekture Illyricum i od kraja 4. st. središte nadbiskupije. Izlaganje je zasnovano na povijesnim literarnim izvorima i arheološkoj građi. Iz obilja podataka izdvojeni su neki posebno zanimljivi vidovi razvoja kršćanstva na proučavanom području. Neka zbivanja, poput odvijanja progona kršćana početkom 4. st., teološke rasprave u kasnijem dijelu 4. st., uspostave nadbiskupije u gradu Iustiniana Prima u 6. st., imala su vrlo veliko značenje unutar cijeloga područja Rimskoga Carstva, te su u radu posebno naglašena. Isto tako posebno su naglašeni neki elementi arheološke ostavštine (oslikane grobnice, sahranjivanje u crkvama), koji se sagledavaju u širem kontekstu ranokršćanske arheologije.
The paper presents general data on the early Christian period on the territory of today’s Serbia, from the period of tetrarchy to the end of late antiquity. At the time on the territory of Serbia there were several late antique Roman provinces with wealthy cities that were the centers of Christian life. In the 3rd and 4th century, the most important city was Sirmium, the center of the prefecture of Illyricum, and from the end of the 4th century, the center of the archdiocese. The presentation is based on historical literary sources and archaeological materials. Some particularly interesting aspects of the development of Christianity in the study area were picked from the abundance of data. Some events, like the of persecution of Christians in the beginning of the 4th century, theological debates in the later part of the 4th century, the establishment of the archdiocese in the city of Justiniana Prima in the 6th century, had great significance within the entire area of the Roman Empire, and are especially highlighted in the paper. Some elements of archaeological heritage (painted tombs, the burying in churches) are also highlighted and are viewed in the wider context of early Christian archeology.
The work brings to light the discovery of five late Roman fragments of frescoes discovered during a protective archaeological survey on brothers Radić street in Varaždinske Toplice. Particular ...attention was paid to the work of conservation and restoration analysis of the discovered murals, as well as to the new discovery of the perserved architectural part of the partially perserved Roman walls at the location of brothers Radić street in Varaždinske Toplice. The text also gives an overview of the newly discovered movable archaeological material that was saved by the works at the specified location. A particularly valuable and interesting ancient building structure was discovered at the house number 5, 7 and 8. The conducted field research has confirmed that it represents a new preserved important segment of the Roman wall and floor structure with preserved parts that still have a Roman plaster and hypocustic system. The discovered ancient structure was very likely in antiquity an important architectural segment of the widely known ancient settlement Aquae Iasae whose original remains are located today near the aforementioned street location in a nearby city park in the center of Varaždinske Toplice. This paper presents the latest conservation, restoration and archeological data related to the historical urban fabric of the ancient period, which have been preserved under the existing recent residential-architecture of Varaždinske Toplice.
Arheološko istraživanje ispod mosta od Pila u Dubrovniku Topić, Nikolina; Milošević, Branka
Anali Zavoda za povijesne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Dubrovniku,
05/2018, Letnik:
56, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Arheološko istraživanje ispod mosta od Pila provedeno je krajem 2014. i početkom 2015. godine u sklopu radova na sanaciji mosta. Obuhvaćeno je područje ispod mosta i manje zone uz sjevernu i južnu ...stranu građevine, pri čemu je definiran slijed zasipanja jarka i mosta. Pri uklanjanju nasipnih slojeva pronađen je veći broj arheoloških nalaza različitog karaktera - od keramičkog i staklenog posuđa, keramičkih lula, optičkog stakla do metalurških i artiljerijskih nalaza. Nalazi, koji se provenijencijski mogu smjestiti od zapadne Europe do Kine, pripadaju vremenskom periodu od kasnog srednjeg vijeka do početka 20. stoljeća i ukazuju na razgranate trgovačke kontakte Dubrovnika. U jarak su dospjeli kao otpad okolnog stanovništva ili kao odbačen potrošni materijal radionica smještenih u blizini, ali i u sklopu odbačenog šuta nakon potresâ, koji su u Dubrovniku bili učestali.
Izneseni su rezultati arheoloških istraživanja provedenih uz utvrdu Sokol u Konavlima 2012. i 2013. godine, te rezultati antropološke analize i analize radioaktivnim ugljikom 14C. Lokalitet Sokol ima ...dugi kontinuitet u naseljavanju počevši od prapovijesti do ranog novog vijeka. Istraživanje prostora uz utvrdu podijeljeno je na četiri velike sonde od kojih je najkompleksnija ona uz njezinu južnu stranu. Višefazno groblje smješteno je uz južnu i istočnu stranu utvrde s manjim brojem grobova uz njezinu sjevernu stranu. U svim sondama pronađeni su duboki slojevi formirani potresima koji su bili česti na dubrovačkom području. Ti slojevi su osim grobova i ostataka arhitekture sadržavali i kamene gromade koje su se urušile s utvrde tijekom potresa te mnoštvo raznovrsnih nalaza širokog vremenskog raspona, od prapovijesti do novog vijeka. Utvrda je napuštena 1672. godine. Antropološkom analizom obuhvaćeni su svi pronađeni kosturni ostaci iz bolje i slabije sačuvanih grobnih cjelina, čime su definirani ostaci 92 osobe, od čega 57 odraslih i 35 djece. Pregledom osteološkog materijala također su dokumentirane patološke promjene nastale za života osoba. Određivanje starosti kosturnih ostataka provedeno je metodom 14C. Određena je starost kostura u rasponu od 5. do 19. stoljeća. Istom metodom provedeno je i mjerenje starosti karboniziranih badema koji su datirani u starije željezno doba (750. – 400. cal BC).
U Programu Ministarstva kulture Republike Hrvatske za 2017. godinu župi Uznesenja
Blažene Djevice Marije u Senju dodijeljena su financijska sredstva za zaštitu lokaliteta
nekadašnje crkve sv. Franje ...u Senju. Na temelju prethodnoga odobrenja Ministarstva kulture,
Konzervatorskoga odjela u Gospiću, Gradski muzej Senj proveo je arheološki nadzor i zaštitna
arheološka istraživanja nad početnim radovima zaštite – čišćenja lokaliteta nekadašnje crkve
sv. Franje u Senju (I. etapa). Crkva se nalazi unutar međa kulturno-povijesne cjeline grada
Senja - kulturnoga dobra upisanoga u Registar kulturnih dobara RH pod brojem Z-4186.
Rješenjem Ministarstva kulture Konzervatorskoga odjela u Gospiću izdanom 14. rujna 2017.
godine Odjel je dao uvjete za izvođenje zaštitnih arheoloških istraživanja – arheološkog
nadzora nad radovima na zaštiti lokaliteta i njegovom početnom arheološkom čišćenju.
Rješenjem je određeno da arheološko nadziranje – i po potrebi arheološko istraživanje – vrši
Gradski muzej Senj, odnosno prof. Blaženka Ljubović, ravnateljica Muzeja. Početni radovi
na etapnomu uređenju lokaliteta trajali su od rujna do studenoga 2017. godine.
Predmet su ovoga rada radovi na zaštiti lokaliteta nekadašnje crkve Sv. Franje u Senju
i njegova početna arheološka čišćenja. Arheološki nadzor nad radovima čišćenja proveden
je svrhu prikupljanja svih bitnih informacija o kulturnim slojevima i arheološkim nalazima
na lokalitetu. Ovo etapno čišćenje, uz arheološki nadzor, provedeno je s ciljem utvrđivanja
gabarita crkve i zaštite grobova unutar crkve od daljnjeg urušavanja i devastacije.
Protective archaeological research was carried out in 2007. at the location Preradovićeva 14 in Varaždin, where the extension of the the First Gymnasium - high school was planed. They covered the ...part of the buried eastern ditch that was part of the defense system of Varaždin City from the mid. 15th to the early 19th century. Archaeological research has largely confirmed the available historical data on the town’s ditches system, and its backfilling at the beginning of the 19th century, as well as the results of earlier research on similar locations in the City of Varaždin. Interestingly, the level of ground in this location was about 170 cm lower than today’s up to the 1970s, and was relatively late aligned with the streets and surrounding plots. The reason we can find in the fact that this plot was enclosed by a stone wall and used as a gymnasium garden, and obviously earlier there was no need for aligning it. The most interesting archaeological layer was the eastern ditch itself, where a large amount of archaeological finds were found. The fragments of ceramic vessels are certainly the most numerous finds found during these researches, and most of them belong to ceramic vessels used for everyday use, but we also have waxed and painted fragments also.
U Jalžabetu u Podravini jugoistočno od Varaždina
nalazi se jedan od najvažnijih krajolika starijega željeznog doba u Republici
Hrvatskoj. Arheološka istraživanja počela su na tom lokalitetu ...sondiranjima još
šezdesetih godina prošloga stoljeća, a ponovo su intenzivirana tijekom provedbe
projekta „Monumentalni krajolici starijega željeznog doba Podunavlja“
(“Iron-Age-Danube” Interreg DTP 2017. – 2019.) i zaštitnim arheološkim
istraživanjima monumentalnog grobnog humka Gomile od 2017. do 2019. godine.
Usporedno s novim interdisciplinarnim i arheološkim istraživanjima počela je
sustavna obrada građe iz ranijih istraživanja. Tako su u radionici Odjela za
restauriranje arheoloških nalaza Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda postupno
restaurirani koštani i metalni nalazi iz tumula 2, a istodobno se počelo i s
konzerviranjem i restauriranjem novih nalaza pronađenih u istraživanjima u
protekle tri godine. U tekstu se daje pregled rezultata dosadašnjih arheoloških
istraživanja u Jalžabetu te se predstavljaju postupci konzerviranja i
restauriranja pokretnih arheoloških nalaza iz starijega željeznog doba
pronađenih u Jalžabetu.
One of the most important landscapes for the Early Iron Age in the Republic of Croatia is located in Jalžabet, southeast of Varaždin (northern Croatia). The Bistričak stream flows through the slightly undulating lowland area, dominated by Gomila, one of the largest burial mounds in this part of Europe. The first archaeological field survey was done in the 1960s. In 1989, during one trial excavation of Jalžabet and its surroundings, a team from the Varaždin City Museum located a previously unknown tomb: tumulus 2. The research in Jalžabet intensified during the implementation of the project "Monumentalized Early Iron Age landscapes in the Danube river basin" ("Iron-Age-Danube" Interreg DTP 2017–2019) and protective archaeological excavations of the large burial mound of Gomila between 2017 and 2019. Complex research on this giant tumulus, severely damaged when it was robbed, was funded by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia, and, at the time of writing of this text, has not been fully completed.
Movable archaeological finds, and especially monumental tomb architecture with a
complex funeral ritual, confirm that the Gomila burial mound is one of the most
significant prehistoric monuments of this type in Europe that has been explored
in recent times. The finds from tumulus 1 (Gomila) and tumulus 2 are chronologically and culturally related, and the bronze pieces from the riding equipment are practically identical. By relative chronology, they belong to the Ha D1 period, approximately to the first half of the 6th century BC, the final phase of the Martijanec–Kaptol group or the Styria III period. Before a detailed restoration and analysis of movable finds, we can assume that Gomila belongs to the same time period as the renowned Ha D tumuli of Kleinklein, Strettweg and Kaptol.
New interdisciplinary and archaeological research was carried out at the same time as the material from the old research was processed. Bone and metal finds from tumulus 2 were restored at the Department for Conservation of Archaeological Finds (Croatian Conservation Institute) with funds provided by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia. Conservation and restoration of new finds from the past three years was carried out at the same time. Most finds from tumulus 2 are elements of a complex scaly armour made of bronze and iron plates, connected by rivets. The numbers regarding the scope and complexity of conservation and restoration carried out on the finds from tumulus 2 speak for themselves. There were 86 bags and boxes with a total of 2281 items – 1692 of bronze and 589 of iron. Problems relating to inappropriate packaging, as well as previous attempts at restoration, were noticed during the preliminary inspection of the condition of items from tumulus 2. Iron finds from tumulus 2 were in poor condition, because they had not gone through the desalination process. The condition of the items as received required a complex process to detect and remove old interventions, as well as the use of modern methods of preserving materials in order to save the items from further deterioration. Most metal objects were exposed to fire during the funeral ritual, and many that were made of copper alloy turned into amorphous lumps of metal, but the temperature was not high enough to melt iron. Items made of iron were desalinated in a sulphite bath for 6 months, and corrosive deposits were removed using micro-grinding and sandblasting. Most items made of copper alloy were not structurally sound, and showed signs of active corrosion. Therefore, after cleaning, they were treated with the copper corrosion blocker Benzo-triazole. The corrosive layer was mechanically removed, and only the original surface remained. Araldite 2020 epoxy with powder pigment filler was
used for gluing, consolidating and filling the holes. The surface of the metal was coated with Cosmoloid H80 wax, which protects against the effects of moisture and during further handling. The decorated arrow heads made of bone, or out of antlers, were not damaged by the fire. PVA glue had been used during previous restoration interventions, and it was successfully removed with 95% ethyl alcohol. Paraloid B72 varnish of various densities was used for consolidation and gluing. The holes and cracks were filled with epoxy, with the addition of talc and small amounts of brown pigment to make the surface resemble the colour of bone.
During the excavation of tumulus 2, archaeologists were trying to research, document
and then restore archaeological finds as best they could. Unfortunately, the excavations of both burial mounds in Jalžabet took place after the monuments had been severely damaged, and their main purpose was to protect and research the site, which again speaks about the need for more thoughtful protection of very sensitive prehistoric finds, sites and landscapes in Croatia and the rest of Europe. Due to the specific circumstances of the funeral ritual, and various natural and anthropogenic influences on the finds over the past millennia, the interpretation of the finds from the burial mounds in Jalžabet is very complex. Restoration of the finds, and a detailed analysis of the context, archaeological layers and structures, will help us understand what actually happened in Jalžabet more than 2,500 years ago. Various experts who are already involved in the restoration and analysis of archaeological finds and samples will play a key role in this. Archaeological excavations, accompanied by conservation and restoration, continue at the Gomila burial mound and in the entire Early Iron Age landscape of Jalžabet.
U članku su izneseni rezultati arheološkog nadzora provedenog u atriju Kneževa dvora u Dubrovniku potkraj 2015. i početkom 2016. godine, u vrijeme njegove obnove, kao i rezultati određivanja starosti ...drvenih pilota metodom 14C – AMS (akceleratorska masena spektrometrija).
Pri izvođenju geomehaničkih bušotina u kamenim temeljima stupova u atriju Dvora utvrđeno je da se ispod njih nalaze ostaci drvenih pilota. Temelji su oslonjeni na drvene pilote zabijene u muljevito tlo kako bi se osigurala stabilnost građevine. Provedene analize radioaktivnim ugljikom 14C odredile su starost drva u rasponu od 16. do 19. stoljeća. U recentnom nasipnom sloju između temelja stupova i armiranobetonskih greda pronađen je manji broj keramičkih, staklenih, metalnih i kamenih nalaza. Ti nalazi svjedoče o upotrebi stolnog keramičkog glaziranog i staklenog posuđa te grubog kuhinjskog keramičkog posuđa svakodnevne upotrebe u Dvoru i/ili okolnim građevinama. Pronađeni ulomci također upućuju na to da je prostor Dvora ili neke obližnje građevine bio osvjetljavan staklenim svjetiljkama te da su stakleni diskovi (oculi) korišteni za izradu prozorskih ploha.
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