Based on a series of themes and case studies, this book aims to illustrate the impact of sports policies and practices on individuals and their identities, and to analyze the potential solutions ...offered by International human rights law (IHRL) for these infringements. It bridges the gap between IHRL and sports studies, and will be useful to scholars in both fields, especially those unfamiliar with each other’s work. Furthermore, by investigating the context of sport and its governance, this collection offers a series of valuable insights, enabling the development of an interpretation of ‘law in context’ for legal scholars in the field of human rights. As the governance and regulation of sport are seen as illustrations of other forms of normativity, this book also contributes to the conversation about the transnational dimension of law and legal orders. In this respect, it illustrates that normative autonomy in the field of sport, associated with the idea of lex sportiva, tends to be relative regarding IHRL. The sporting environment is not disconnected from major contemporary social issues: it constitutes a public space in which injustices can be denounced, but also the theater in which prejudices are perpetuated against various parties, such as athletes or workers. IHRL commonly addresses attacks on individual dignity and social justice issues by guaranteeing rights to individuals and offering them protection mechanisms. In this context, can IHRL solve the problems encountered in the sporting environment? This is the question that animates this volume. This is an open access book.
Sport is a unique area of social relations, which is officially autonomous and ruled not only and not so much by national law, but to a greater extent – by the rules of sports organizations. Due to ...the fact that sport has an autonomous character, which, in particular, is characterized by the presence of various regulatory sources that comprehensively affect the relevant social relations, the concept of a unique "sports legal order" is now beginning to take shape. The study aims to analyze social relations in the field of sport and the peculiarities of their regulation. Moreover, the research methodology includes a set of methods of scientific cognition, among which are the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, formal-logical method, historical method and comparative legal method. Regulation of relations in the field of sports is significantly different from the regulation of other social relations. The presence of such features gives grounds for sports officials to declare the special status of the field of sports and the need to remove it from the general legal order. As a result of the study, the authors of the article came to the conclusion that modern sport has an autonomous status and is a special area of legal and non-legal regulation, which has the characteristics of an independent legal order. At the same time, it is too early to claim the existence of a full-fledged “sports legal order”.
Resumen. El deporte es un área única de las relaciones sociales, que es oficialmente autónoma y se rige no solo y no tanto por la legislación nacional, sino en mayor medida, por las reglas de las organizaciones deportivas. Debido a que el deporte tiene un carácter autónomo, que, en particular, se caracteriza por la presencia de diversas fuentes regulatorias que inciden de manera integral en las relaciones sociales relevantes, comienza a tomar forma el concepto de un “orden jurídico deportivo” único. El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las relaciones sociales en el ámbito del deporte y las peculiaridades de su regulación. Además, la metodología de investigación incluye un conjunto de métodos de cognición científica, entre los que se encuentran los métodos de análisis, síntesis, inducción, deducción, método lógico-formal, método histórico y método jurídico comparado. La regulación de las relaciones en el campo del deporte es significativamente diferente de la regulación de otras relaciones sociales. La presencia de tales características da motivos para que los oficiales deportivos declaren el estatus especial del campo de los deportes y la necesidad de eliminarlo del orden legal general. Como resultado del estudio, los autores del artículo llegaron a la conclusión de que el deporte moderno tiene un estatus autónomo y es un área especial de regulación legal y no legal, que tiene las características de un orden legal independiente. Al mismo tiempo, es demasiado pronto para afirmar la existencia de un “orden jurídico deportivo” en toda regla.
Responsible sport: no going back Rook, William; Prado, Thays; Heerdt, Daniela
The international sports law journal,
03/2023, Letnik:
23, Številka:
1
Journal Article
This article explores the nature and extent of the human rights responsibilities of Sports Governing Bodies (SGBs). The relationships between SGBs and other actors in the sports ecosystem have ...increasingly become viewed through a human rights lens, with a particular focus on responsibilities as defined in the United Nations (UN) Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), with the UNGPs now acknowledged as the authoritative framework and roadmap for SGBs on human rights. Progress in this regard has been mixed. Some SGBs have demonstrated resistance to embracing international human rights norms and standards, arguing that the UNGPs are non-binding and apply only to commercial actors, whereas sports organisations are mostly non-profit organisations with a high degree of autonomy. Others have chosen a different path, becoming pioneers in applying the UNGPs not only to Mega Sporting Events (MSEs), but also to their policies, governance mechanisms and operations. In recent years, two complementary trends have been observed: the UNGPs have become increasingly crystallised in cases and legislation in a number of jurisdictions and States have intervened in sports-related issues on the basis of their duty to protect affected groups where national sports bodies have not complied with international human rights norms and standards. Rather than presenting a challenge to the world of sport, embracing human rights responsibilities should be seen as an opportunity to underpin the value of sport, retain the trust of stakeholders and maintain a social license to operate under the commitment to a responsible autonomy.
Athletes are not just sports people; they are certainly among the most prominent figures of their present time, playing an important role in shaping opinions with their power to inspire. For this ...very reason, athletes’ freedom of expression is strongly limited by the sport authorities in light of the fundamental principle of sport neutrality. This study analyses and questions the traditional constraints to athletes’ free speech by taking into consideration the role of human rights in sports legal order and in sporting affairs. By assuming an emerging relativization of sport political neutrality, the essay investigates the case-law concerning athletes’ freedom of expression identifying limits and perspectives of the current evolutions on athletes’ public statements, establishing to what extent a reform of the present sporting regulation on freedom of expression is needed.
This work aims to reflect on the role that UN human rights monitoring bodies—both charter and treaty based—could play in tackling human rights violations of athletes rights occurred in the sporting ...domain. While recognizing the autonomy of sports associations in the application of their own
lex sportiva
, the author maintains that the perspective and concrete recommendations provided by UN human rights mechanisms could help (i) raise human rights standards applied by sporting associations and (ii) more effectively combat discriminatory and other harmful or unfair practices in sport. Thus, the purpose of the analysis is twofold. First, the work will examine the reasons behind the absence of a significant UN human rights mechanisms/bodies practice so far. Secondly, it will support that autonomy of sport should not imply that athletes could be prevented from having access to these mechanisms seeking concrete recommendations regarding changes in situations of discrimination or application of such harmful or unfair practices. While identifying certain obstacles to individual access, the work advocates for a more decisive action of these mechanisms in this regard. In particular, through Committees’ General Recommendations and Concluding Observations, on the one hand, and special procedures of the Human Rights Council’s pronouncements, on the other.
In everyday life, an individual is affiliated to different social groups. Organised social groups have right and ability to create their own rules, which are obligatory for members of the group. In ...some situations, the rules from one social group have impact outside the group or come in conflict with the rules of another social group. Due to diversity of life situations and affiliations to different social groups, a person can come into situation that he or she does not know by which rules he or she must act or which rules apply to the situation. An example of such situation in sports arises when a young amateur athlete wants to change a sport club within the same sport. For successful transfer and to get competition licence for a new club, an athlete must pay training compensation. The au-thor analyses sport and state rules having a direct or indirect impact on transfer of young amateur athletes and validity of training compensations. He endeavours to get an answer via valued based approach as an element of legitimacy of legal rules.
Establishing rules lies at the heart of sport. Furthermore, it can be said that legal order allows only such sporting activity that is carried out according to defined rules. This is mostly followed ...by foundation of associations and organisations dedicated to particular sport. Acknowledging sport by the public authorities as a space suitable for autonomous arrangement of sports organisations gives special importance to sports rules. However, in order to have autonomy of sports organisations complementary to the role of public authority in the area of sport, it must be grounded in the principles of democracy, solidarity and good management in sport keeping sport independent of any political or economic manipulation including excessive commercialisation. Since contemporary sport is dominantly based on pyramidal structure or federal system based upon recognised sports associations (federations) organised at national and international level by the principle „one sport – one association“, it is quite understandable that sports rules adopted by sports association ranked at international level on the top of the pyramid have monopolistic position as a support for autonomous functioning of whole system of particular sport, as well as considerable limiting factor in making autonomous decisions at lower levels of sports organising. Sports associations use sports rules often followed by serious sanctions to preserve their dominant status. In his paper, the author considers legal nature and legal enforceability of international sports rules at national level for sports organisations, public authorities, as well as judiciary. The author particularly points out to the problem of so-called dynamic addressing to sports rules of international sports associations through statutory provisions of national and lower sports associations and the position of German case-law on impossibility of such way to provide legal obligatoriness of international sports rules at the national level.
Utvrđivanje pravila leži u samom biću sporta. Može se čak reći da pravni poredak dopušta samo onu sportsku aktivnost koja se odvija prema utvrđenim pravilima. Sa ovim je većinom povezano i osnivanje udruženja i saveza za konkretan sport. Priznavanje sporta od strane javnih vlasti kao prostora prepuštenog autonomnom regulisanju od strane sportskih organizacija, daje sportskim pravilima poseban značaj. Da bi, međutim, autonomija sportskih organizacija bila komplementarna sa ulogom javnih vlasti u oblasti sporta, ona se mora temeljiti na principima demokratije, solidarnosti i dobrog upravljanja u sportu, uz očuvanje nezavisnosti sportskog pokreta od svake političke i ekonomske manipulacije, uključujući i preteranu komercijalizaciju. Kako se savremeni sport dominanto temelji na piramidalnoj strukturi, odnosno federalnom sistemu koji se bazira na priznatim sportskim savezima (federacijama) organizovanim na nacionalnom i međunarodnom nivou po principu „jedna sport jedan savez“, to je sasvim razumljivo da su sportska pravila koja donosi sportski savez koji je na međunarodnom nivou na vrhu piramide, i ima monopolski položaj, kako potpora autonomnom funkcionisanju celokupnog sistema određenog sporta tako i veliki ograničavajući faktor u ostvarivanju autonomnog odlučivanja na nižim nivoima sportskog organizovanja. Upravo pomoću sportskih pravila, koja često propisuju ozbiljne sankcije, međunarodni sporski savezi nastoje da očuvaju svoj dominantni status. Autor u radu razmatra pravnu prirodu i pravnu obaveznost sportskih pravila međunarodnih sportskih saveza na nacionalnom nivou, kako za sportske organizacije tako i javne vlasti i pravosudne organe. Autor posebno ukazuje na problem tzv. dinamičkog upućivanja na sportska pravila međunarodnih sportskih saveza kroz statutarne odredbe nacionalnih i nižih sportskih saveza, i na stav nemačke sudske prakse o nedopuštenosti takvog načina obezbeđenja pravne obaveznosti međunarodnih sportskih pravila na nacionalnom nivou.
The Stamina of the Bosman Legacy Kornbeck, Jacob
Maastricht journal of European and comparative law,
04/2015, Letnik:
22, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The article argues that athletes' right to take decisions from sports governing bodies and specialized sporting bodies to court for judicial review and redress is a cornerstone of the ‘Bosnian ...legacy’ which can be said to have been produced by the CJEU (then ECJ) Bosnian ruling. The article makes an empirically grounded assessment of this legacy by drawing on the four contributions made by the EU to the revision of the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) 2009 (2011–2013) to show how the EU used this opportunity to defend athletes' right to challenge sporting decisions in court, and how the new post-Lisbon sports policy competence granted in Article 165 TFEU (a merely supporting and coordinating competence) has been used in this regard.
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