Nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions from aircraft turbine engines deteriorate air quality and contribute to climate change. These emissions can be reduced using sustainable aviation fuels ...(SAFs). Here, we investigate the effects of a 32% SAF blend with fossil fuel on particle size distributions and nvPM emission indices of a widely used turbofan engine. The experiments were conducted in a test cell using a standardized sampling and measurement system. The geometric mean diameter (GMD) increased with thrust from ∼8 nm at idle to ∼40 nm at take-off, and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) was in the range of 1.74–2.01. The SAF blend reduced the GMD and GSD at each test point. The nvPM emission indices were reduced most markedly at idle by 70% in terms of nvPM mass and 60% in terms of nvPM number. The relative reduction of nvPM emissions decreased with the increasing thrust. The SAF blend reduced the nvPM emissions from the standardized landing and take-off cycle by 20% in terms of nvPM mass and 25% in terms of nvPM number. This work will help develop standardized models of fuel composition effects on nvPM emissions and evaluate the impacts of SAF on air quality and climate.
•The suitability of RP-3 and its ethanol blends for aviation application were studied.•RP-3 has similar combustion performance to diesel under most working conditions.•The addition of ethanol could ...effectively solve the combustion deterioration of RP-3 under medium speed and low load.•Fuel consumption of RP-3, its ethanol blends and diesel were evaluated.
Due to safety, economy and other considerations, Heavy Fuel Aviation Piston Engines (HF-APES) powered by light diesel or aviation kerosene with high ignition point were expected to replace aviation gasoline engines. The present study compared the combustion characteristics of diesel, aviation kerosene rocket propellant 3 (RP-3) and RP-3/ethanol blends in a four-cylinder Turbo Diesel Common-rail Injection (TDCI) engine. The results demonstrated, compared with diesel, RP-3 had similar combustion performance at maximum torque speed and medium speed. The maximum in-cylinder pressure and temperature are almost the same. RP-3 can be applied to compression ignition engines and can replace diesel in civil and military aviation. The addition of ethanol could improve the overall combustion performance and increase the combustion stability of aviation kerosene in diesel engines, effectively solved the combustion deterioration of RP-3 under medium speed and low load (when indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) was 0.24 MPa, the peak pressure in the cylinder of E20 was 10.5% higher than E0, and the second-stage maximum heat release rate was 2.9 times that of E0). Compared with diesel, the equivalent specific fuel consumption (ESFC) of RP-3 was lower under most working conditions. After adding ethanol to RP-3, the ESFC was increased by 2.0–9.1%; RP-3 showed higher indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) than diesel by 7.7–8.2%.
International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) standard phraseology is an integral element of aviation radiotelephony (two-way radio) communication between air traffic controllers and other ...aviation personnel. A key issue with standard phraseology in this context is uncertainty as to its role. This is important in the aviation setting as miscommunication can lead to accidents. This paper presents a corpus-based Tower Aviation Radiotelephony Technical Vocabulary List (TARTVL) that is derived from ICAO standard phraseology. The list includes: technical words e.g. taxiway, proper noun classifications e.g. aircraft type, number classifications e.g. headings, acronyms e.g. FOD (Foreign Object Debris) and multiword units e.g. lineup and wait. Evaluation of the list shows that it is a promising training tool. The article discusses how the TARTVL can be used by English for specific purposes (ESP) and content instructors to provide aviation radiotelephony language training for ab initio, first language and non-native English speaking aviation personnel. Such training could help reduce miscommunication in multilingual workplaces, thus enhancing safety in aviation.
•Technical vocabulary is critical in aviation radiotelephony communication.•The pedagogically oriented aviation technical vocabulary list contains 274 items.•The technical vocabulary list helps meet training needs of aviation personnel.•Technical vocabulary training could reduce miscommunication in aviation workplaces.
Humans and Technology Behrend, Julia; Thomas, Matthew J. W.
Aviation psychology and applied human factors,
03/2023, Letnik:
13, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This issue of Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors presents a set of papers that reflect two different, yet equally important dimensions of our disciplines, that of technology and the human ...element. First, several of the articles in this issue focus on new technologies, and their potential role in enhancing aviation safety. While the focus on new technologies, and their scientific evaluation is important, just as important is the attention we pay to the individuals and teams who together create safety and efficiency in operations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)
•Application of structural topic modeling to aviation safety reporting system data.•Automated identification of topics within aviation incident reports.•Identification of correlations between ...incident metadata and incident reports.•Revealed importance of fuel pump, tank, and landing gear issues for private aircraft.•Revealed importance of Quiet Bridge Visual and Tip Toe Visual approach paths at SFO.
The Aviation Safety Reporting System includes over a million confidential reports describing aviation safety incidents. Natural language processing techniques allow for relatively rapid and largely automated analysis of large collections of text data. Interpretation of the results and further investigations by subject matter experts can produce meaningful results. This explains the many commercial and academic applications of natural language processing to aviation safety reports. Relatively few published articles have, however, employed topic modeling, an approach that can identify latent structure within a corpus of documents. Topic modeling is more flexible and relies less on subject matter experts than alternative document categorization and clustering methods. It can, for example, uncover any number of topics hidden in a set of incident reports that have been, or would be, assigned to the same category when using labels and methods applied in earlier research. This article describes the application of structural topic modeling to Aviation Safety Reporting System data. The application identifies known issues. The method also reveals previously unreported connections. Sample results reported here highlight fuel pump, tank, and landing gear issues and the relative insignificance of smoke and fire issues for private aircraft. The results also reveal the prominence of the Quiet Bridge Visual and Tip Toe Visual approach paths at San Francisco International Airport in safety incident reports. These results would, ideally, be verified by subject matter experts before being used to set priorities when planning future safety studies.
In this paper, the researcher examines the liability regime that governs the international aircraft carriers in the context of the recent Malaysian plane (MH 17) crash. The researcher analyses the ...efficacy of the Warsaw and Montreal Convention frameworks in affixing liability on the state parties. The international aviation regime as regulated by the ICAO and its inability to confirm legal responsibility is also dealt with in reference to the previous incidents of air crash. The paper concludes on a note that the international aviation regime is not adequately equipped to deal with questions of state responsibility for acts of unlawful interference with international civil aviation regime.
Chair's Message Span, Robert S
The Air and space lawyer,
01/2015, Letnik:
28, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Attendees heard a fascinating array of panels on such diverse topics as the 2015 FAA reauthorization; privacy issues connected with the use of passenger information; current hot topics in litigation ...and regulation; and a review of airspace and ATC issues, including integration of space operations.
An Incipient Mutiny traces the creation of the U.S. Army Signal Corps Aeronautical Division in 1907 up to the establishment of the Air Service of the National Army in 1918. It is a shocking account ...of shortsightedness, mismanagement, criminal fraud, and cover-up that led ultimately to a pilot revolt against the military establishment. Dwight R. Messimer focuses on the personalities of the pilots who initiated the rebellion and on the Signal Corps officers whose mismanagement brought it on. The official air force histories say nothing about the poor construction and design flaws in the airplanes that the Signal Corps used, which were responsible for the deaths of 25 percent of the pilots, a death rate so high that no life insurance company would issue them a policy. At the same time, there were airplanes on the market that were superior in every way to the planes the army was using and less expensive as well. The loss of human life, then, could not have been more senseless.
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•The current status quo of the certified biojet fuel production pathway is reviewed.•The property specification of biojet fuel certified under ASTM D7566 is discussed.•Types of ...catalyst used based on production pathways are classified and reviewed.•The conversion process and conditions for each biojet fuel production pathway differ.•Biojet fuel contributes to lowering GHG emissions but production cost remains a challenge.
Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) has become an important measure in the aviation industry’s efforts to mitigate carbon emissions and reduce their overall environmental impacts. However, commercial usage is relatively stunted due to a plethora of drawbacks in the production process and economic feasibility of the fuel. In this study, the currently accepted technologies for producing synthetic jet fuels under the American Society for Testing Material (ASTM D7566) standard specification for aviation turbine fuel are reviewed. The emphasis is placed in terms of their reactions, type of catalysts used for the conversion pathways of Fisher-Tropsch (FT), Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) and Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ), and the use of biomass resources as feedstock. The advancement in the production process and physicochemical properties of the uncertified biojet fuels are reviewed and discussed. Generally, Co- and Fe-based catalysts are commonly used for the FT process, while bimetallic catalysts consisting of Pt, Pd, Ni and Mo have shown excellent activities and selectivities for the HEFA process. For the ATJ process, zeolites such as HZSM-5, beta and SAPO have shown remarkable ethanol dehydration efficiency, while TiO2 and ferrierite have been studied for the combined iso-butanol dehydration and oligomerisation processes. Fundamental factors influencing the reaction efficiency including the feedstock properties, reaction conditions, catalytic reusability and catalyst supports are discussed. Finally, the key challenges and prospects for biojet fuel commercialisation are addressed.
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