INTRODUCTION: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin condition with many genetic risk factors. In this review, we summarize the different genetic variants for AD from the perspective of screening purposes ...within the U.S. Air Force aviation community. Using a PRISMA-informed systematic
review approach, we found 13 papers reporting genetic associations with AD. We report 98 genetic associations with AD, of which 4 had a greater than twofold increased odds of developing the condition when present. These 98 variants were found in 45 associated genes, including LRRC32, OVOL1,
and IL13, which were each replicated in 3 studies; as well as RTEL1 and ZNF365, which were each replicated in 2 studies. A polygenic risk model created based upon these variants or genes could contribute to a risk screening protocol for military aviation candidates, potentially helping minimize
risk for candidates at increased genetic risk for AD or other atopic diseases (e.g., asthma, allergic rhinitis).Gregory ID, Collie J, Chapleau RR. Genetic markers of atopic dermatitis risk for screening aviation applicants. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(11):806-810.
•Mechanisms of biohydrogen production from various microalgal metabolic activities.•Genetic engineering on microalgal strains in enhancing biohydrogen production.•Environmental factors that influence ...the biohydrogen production from microalgae.•Problems associated to microalgal biohydrogen production and overcoming strategies.
The global depletion of fossil fuel reserves and associated environmental crisis have led researchers to explore microalgal biomass which has been proven could be a promising potential as a renewable energy feedstock. Biofuels such as biodiesel, bioethanol and hydrogen can be produced from microalgae. Indeed, microalgae are best employed for hydrogen generation because the microalgal cells have high growth rate, can grow in diverse habitats and non-arable lands, can solve the fuel versus food conflicts as well as can capture and assimilate the atmospheric carbon dioxide. Hydrogen that is produced from microalgae is a clean and sustainable option to replace or complement the fossil fuel demands. The combustion of hydrogen produces only water and no greenhouse gases emission which will assuage the untoward effect on the environment. Moreover, it can also be used directly to generate electricity in fuel cells and engines. Another sector that is looking into hydrogen as a replacement for fossil fuels, is transportation inclusive of the aviation industry. The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier in airplanes offers several advantages, the burning of hydrogen in the jet engines would produce water vapour which will eliminate carbon-related emissions. However, this also comes with limitations such as new designs and larger tanks for hydrogen storage. Besides, the mechanisms of hydrogen production from microalgae are also sporadic and not well documented systematically, pre-empting researchers from exploring this new energy source inclusively. The factors affecting the microalgal hydrogen production are as well essential, but still poorly conceived, leading to the low outputs in terms of hydrogen yields from microalgae. Accordingly, this article reviews various mechanisms and methods employed for producing hydrogen from microalgae as well as the pre-treatment procedures for enhancing the rates of hydrogen production from microalgae. Furthermore, the enhancement of hydrogen yields through state-of-the-art techniques and genetic engineering the microalgal strains are also unveiled to materialize the hydrogen production at an industrial scale. This review intents to shift the paradigm from typical hydrocarbon biofuels to green hydrogen adoption, hastening the carbon neutrality target that benefits the natural environment the most.
A system-integrated aviation cluster employing small aircraft is proposed as a means of developing air transportation in Russia. Passenger and cargo flights are planned. The creation of an airport ...network around large cities is optimized, so as to link population centers. Factors taken into account include the traffic density between the population centers and the prospects for regional development. The proposed cluster will stimulate Russia’s aircraft industry (in particular, drone production); and boost high-technology aircraft maintenance in Russia. It will facilitate infrastructure development in the regions, as well as job creation.
The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools into mechanical devices in routine use within the aviation industry has heightened cyber-security concerns. The extent of the ...inherent vulnerabilities in the software tools that drive these systems escalates as the level of integration increases. Moreover, these concerns are becoming even more acute as the migration within the industry in the deployment of electronic-enabled aircraft and smart airports gathers pace. A review of cyber-security attacks and attack surfaces within the aviation sector over the last 20 years provides a mapping of the trends and insights that are of value in informing on future frameworks to protect the evolution of a key industry. The goal is to identify common threat actors, their motivations, attacks types and map the vulnerabilities within aviation infrastructures most commonly subject to persistent attack campaigns. The analyses will enable an improved understanding of both the current and potential future cyber-security protection provisions for the sector. Evidence is provided that the main threats to the industry arise from Advance Persistent Threat (APT) groups that operate, in collaboration with a particular state actor, to steal intellectual property and intelligence in order to advance their domestic aerospace capabilities as well as monitor, infiltrate and subvert other sovereign nations’ capabilities. A segment of the aviation industry commonly attacked is the Information Technology (IT) infrastructure, the most prominent type of attack being malicious hacking with intent to gain unauthorised access. The analysis of the range of attack surfaces and the existing threat dynamics has been used as a foundation to predict future cyber-attack trends. The insights arising from the review will support the future definition and implementation of proactive measures that protect critical infrastructures against cyber-incidents that damage the confidence of customers in a key service-oriented industry.
