Affiliation Bias in Peer Review of Abstracts/Reply Gallo, Robert J; Savage, Thomas; Chen, Jonathan H ...
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association,
04/2024, Letnik:
331, Številka:
14
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Shay et al thank Gallo et al for their interest in their study and for raising awareness about the statistical considerations when investigating large language model (LLM). The response acknowledges ...the importance of accounting for randomness in LLM outputs and suggests the development of statistical standards for LLM studies. The response also clarifies the methodology used in the original study and addresses concerns raised by Gallo et al.
Citizen science plays an important role in the early detection of invasive alien species (IAS). The involvement of young people in initiatives related to citizen science in Bulgaria could contribute ...to better monitoring of IAS because of mobility and digital skills of those people. Based on a questionnaire survey, key aspects of involvement of young people in citizen science initiatives were analysed. Two groups of respondents, including professionals (with an educational background in biology or with professional activities related to the bioresources) and non-professionals (not connected with bioresources) were asked to make judgments about their own level of knowledge about: (1) IAS issues, (2) the level of awareness of citizen science; (3) the motivation and preferable ways to participate in citizen science; and (4) the most appropriate approaches for IAS awareness raising. A total of 337 young people in the age range of 15-30 years were questioned during the period 2019-2021. The results show that there is no significant difference between the responses of the two groups of respondents to the questionnaire - professionals and non-professionals. In both groups, less than 50% of respondents are aware of issues related to IAS. Less than 40% of respondents indicated the correct definition of citizen science. The leading motivation factor to participate in citizen science initiatives is “caring for nature” followed by “to contribute to nature conservation” and “to learn more about nature”. Most of the respondents are interested in additional information related to IAS and prefer online sources for information.
In the past few years, governmental agencies have developed a diverse repertoire of migration‐management measures to steer migration flows and discipline unwanted migration. Migration‐information ...campaigns have become a prominent tool aimed at communicating directly to migration aspirations of the targeted population in transit and sending countries. Through these information campaigns the geographical locus of control is shifted toward where the receiving state seeks to steer migration flows. This review paper is a research synthesis on literature engaging with migration‐information campaigns. The study is based on 17 peer‐reviewed journal articles from the years 2010–2020. Articles were coded based on discipline, type of research, research perspective, geographic origin and focus of the campaigns, objectives and rationale of the campaigns, tools and methods used in those campaigns, campaign funding, actor constellations, and a general assessment of each article. Findings from this study identify prominent trends as well as blind spots in the current research and indicate that there is still little research available on information campaigns concerning irregular migration, and even fewer studies report on their effectiveness. By implication future research is advised to focus on empirical studies on the impact of information campaigns on migrants' aspirations.
Written corrective feedback has been extensively investigated with regard to its effectiveness, comparison of its different types, and perceptions about its effectiveness. However, few studies have ...addressed the types of errors receiving Corrective Feedback (CF) and still, much fewer have focused on formulaic errors as targets of CF. Thus, the current study compared formulaic and non-formulaic errors as targets of CF in learner writing. In addition, it examined the CF types provided for these errors. Finally, it sought the effect of a teacher awareness-raising program on teachers’ attention to formulaic versus non-formulaic errors and on the CF types used to correct these errors. To achieve these purposes, eight English language teachers from four language institutes were selected through convenience sampling. First, during two sessions, the teachers asked the learners to write two compositions on two writing topics. Next, an awareness-raising program for teachers was run to raise the teacher’s awareness level about formulaic and non-formulaic errors and CF types for correcting such errors. Then, the learners were asked to write two other compositions each in one session. The results showed that before the treatment, non-formulaic errors received considerably more CF than formulaic errors and that the percentage of direct CF was more than other CF types. In addition, the study showed that the awareness-raising program for teachers influenced their attention to formulaic errors. The findings of this study indicate that teachers need awareness-raising about the importance of formulaic sequences and the need to correct formulaic errors whenever possible.
Introduction
Alcohol‐related brain damage (ARBD) is an umbrella term referring to the neurocognitive impairments caused by excessive and prolonged alcohol use and the associated nutritional ...deficiencies. This study evaluated the outcomes of an online research‐informed training program for ARBD which aimed to improve client outcomes by promoting support staff's awareness and confidence in working with clients who may have (or who are at risk of developing) the condition.
Methods
Staff working within a large non‐governmental non‐profit housing organisation (n = 883) enrolled in the training program. Questionnaires were used pre‐ and post‐training to collect self‐reported awareness of ARBD and confidence in supporting individuals with the condition. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 27 staff members approximately 10 weeks post‐completion of the program. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed by employing qualitative content analysis.
Results
Findings from the questionnaires indicated a significant increase in all measures after completing the training program. Three main themes were developed based on the interview data: changes to awareness and understanding; professional practice; and training‐specific characteristics. Participants reported changes in their ability to identify potential service users with ARBD and confidence in doing so.
Discussion and Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate that online training programs can be effective in improving support staff's ability to identify ARBD, potentially leading an increase in signposting service users to relevant services. The research‐informed nature of the training demonstrates that translating research findings directly to frontline workers can have a substantial impact and may improve outcomes for this client group.
Environmental governance aims to develop and understand the lessons, achievements and challenges of planning at both local and global levels. In particular, integrated river management is key to the ...sustainable development of ecosystems, and the collaborative and inclusive approach among stakeholders supports the decision-making process. The objective of this study was to assess the current management model for recreational fisheries in the Olo River Reserved Fishing Zone (RFZ). This management model aims to better rationalise the use of fishery resources by allowing only recreational fishing, ensuring the sustainability of this activity and of the environment, and guaranteeing that this activity contributes to the development of the basin. To this end, the state of this activity was evaluated before and after the implementation of the First Management Plan and the Second Management Plan. Samples of ichthyofauna were taken and an analysis of the data on the age, growth and physical condition of the endemic species was carried out. Multivariate analysis techniques applied to the biological and physical data sets allowed the determination of distribution patterns of Olo Basin and the relative importance of environmental variables in the discrimination of the fish assemblages.The presence of the species Salmo trutta fario improved in the stations sampled throughout the study. The abundance of fish throughout the study showed a remarkable improvement, from 1229 (year 2008), 1142 (year 2013) and 1781 (year 2018), the drop in 2013 was being due to a wildfire in the area. This fishing area has been a true living laboratory for the development of new and more sustainable inland fisheries management practices. The development of this planning and management model was successfully exported to other river basins in the area.
•The recreational fisheries management model in the Olo River was analysed.•Salmo trutta fario is still present in 11 out of the 12 sampling stations.•Featherfishing contributed to the adoption of practice of catch-and-release fishing.•This management model was successfully exported to other river basins in the area.
•Governments develop many policies to foster cyber security in businesses.•Awareness of UK government schemes is associated with more cyber secure practices.•Implementing government-recommended cyber ...security measures is not associated with lower victimization.•Implementing government-recommended cyber security measures is not associated with fewer negative consequences.
Cybercrime is a pressing concern for governments and businesses around the globe, but little is known about what policy interventions work to prevent and mitigate threats to organizations. Thus, empirical studies on cybercrime prevention policies and tools are needed to understand their effectiveness and to improve implementation and evaluation. This article analyzes whether two UK government schemes aimed at encouraging and helping businesses to adopt cybersecurity controls and policies ('Cyber Essentials’ and ‘10 Steps to Cyber Security’) are associated with safer organizational behavior and whether adopting the recommended measures is related to lower levels of cybercrime victimization and its impacts. Bayesian model averaging is employed on a representative sample of 5,872 businesses from four rounds (2018–2021) of the UK Government's Cyber Security Breaches Survey. The results show that awareness of the Government schemes is associated with more cyber secure practices, but we do not find evidence of lower likelihood of victimization or negative consequences for companies that implement the recommended measures. Findings are discussed in relation to policy, practice and future research.
Flood risk and its reduction in China Kundzewicz, ZW; Su, Buda; Wang, Yanjun ...
Advances in water resources,
August 2019, 2019-08-00, 20190801, Letnik:
130
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•Floods in China often cause annual loss in excess of 10 billion US$.•Flood risk has grown in many places in China and is likely to grow further in the future.•Floods of a given return period in the ...reference interval are projected to become more frequent in much of China.•There is a strong link between climate variability and abundant humidity in China.
Despite massive flood protection efforts in China, undertaken since the ancient times, disastrous floods continue to plague the country. In this paper, we discuss changes in flood hazard and flood risk in China. First, we review published results (including our own works) on change detection in observed records of intense precipitation, high river flow and flood damage in China. We provide information on essential features of extreme floods in last decades – floods on large rivers, urban floods, and flash floods. Next, we review available projections for the future (including our own results), related to intense precipitation, high river flow and flood damage in China. We try to interpret the difference in flood hazard projections obtained in various publications. Since the spread of river flood hazard projections is large, projections have to be interpreted with caution, because of the impact on decisions related to climate change adaptation, flood risk reduction, and water resources management. We review flood risk reduction strategies in China, focusing on the present situation and division of responsibilities. China has embarked upon an ambitious and vigorous task to improve flood preparedness, by both structural (“hard”) defences, such as: dikes, dams and flood control reservoirs, and diversions, as well as non-structural (“soft”) measures: spatial planning and zoning; watershed management (source control), flood forecasting and warning systems; and awareness raising. The strategy of flood mitigation includes flood retention and urban water management to alleviate the burden of flash and urban flooding.
Geosciences applied to the exploitation of geothermal resources have achieved significant scientific progress. The adoption of geothermal research results in public policies can contribute to meet ...the challenges set by EU Strategies. Geoscientists are facing challenges to communicate scientific results to stakeholders. There are many studies on geothermal that are ignored by policies and public actions, hindering promising chances of including geothermal energy as an important player in the ongoing energy transition. This is partly due to difficulties in communicating geoscientific content efficiently to non-technical audiences. The article aims to analyse past experiences, current practices, and future opportunities to better communicate scientific results as a means to better support policy making and highlight the role of geoscience in achieving sustainability goals.
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