Transgender (s) are among the most discriminated and marginalized population majorly in South Asian countries like India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Being unable to fit in the binary division of gender ...they are treated harshly as subordinates. In Pakistan, due to lack of acceptance, transgender are forced to leave their homes which compels them to join Hijra communities. In these communities they live under the supervision of a Guru. They face violence of almost every kind whereas the present study focuses symbolic violence and its impact on the social adjustment of transgender. For the purpose of study only those transgender were selected who were beggars and have no other formal means of earning. The concept of symbolic violence used in the study is based on Bourdieu concept of symbolic violence. The results showed that transgender do have considerable social adjustment within their Hijra communities, whereas, in the mainstream society, although, they lack social adjustment due to which they face social, economic and political inequalities, however, they perceive it as natural. This indicated that outside their communities, transgender face symbolic violence in the form of inequalities, subordination and non-inclusive environment that hinders them to become a part of the mainstream society. It is concluded from the present study that transgender being subordinate, have perceived inequalities and subordination as natural and they cannot avoid it. As Bourdieu (Language and symbolic power, 1991) asserted that with the passage of time the subordinate starts perceiving the symbolic violence as natural and unavoidable.
Nada hace sospechar en la visita física o virtual a Matadero Madrid. Centro de Creación Contemporánea, que en algunas de sus naves se recluyó a la población mendiga de Madrid en la inmediata ...posguerra. El Parque de Mendigos de Matadero configuró un dispositivo más en el ejercicio de la represión de la mendicidad, traspasado por un régimen totalitario que identificaba la miseria material con la miseria moral. En el duro invierno de 1941, tras la orden del Gobernador Civil Primo de Rivera de retirar a todos los mendigos de las calles de la capital, cientos de ellos acabaron pereciendo de hambre y frío en las naves del Matadero. Quienes sobrevivían fueron distribuidos según su perfil: los varones sanos, destinados a una Colonia Agrícola en Boadilla del Monte; de las mujeres jóvenes se hizo cargo el Patronato de Protección a la Mujer; y de los niños, Auxilio Social. La desmemoria de este espacio patrimonial emblemático de Madrid nos interpela para ofrecer esta aportación desde una mirada etnográfica, a través de la lectura con lente antropológica de prensa y documentación de archivo. Este análisis pretende acercarse a la experiencia del tratamiento hacia una capa de población categorizada como mendiga, que, si bien ha sido históricamente estigmatizada, configuró un fragmento de víctimas especialmente vulnerables durante el período franquista, y con el tiempo, completamente olvidadas.
The present article investigates how begging performed by citizens of new EU-member states in Eastern Europe was debated in parliaments in Denmark, Sweden and Norway during the period 2007–2017. The ...empirical analysis shows significant cross-country divergences: In Denmark, efforts targeted controlling migration, either directly or indirectly, via various deterrence strategies. In Sweden, the emphasis was rather on alleviating social needs while migrants reside in the country and trying to decrease their incentives to migrate in the first place by ameliorating conditions in sending countries. In Norway, one predominant framing revolved around the issue of human trafficking of beggars. Despite substantial differences, the analyses show a gradual shift in a similar direction in all three countries. While a social frame was initially more commonly understood as the appropriate way to approach begging, over time a criminal frame has gained ground in all three countries. The article argues that this development must be understood in light of marginalized intra-EU migrants’ legal status as both insiders and outsiders in the Scandinavian welfare states. Due to these individuals’ “in-between status”, neither conventional social policy nor immigration control measures are perceived as available, making policymakers more prone to turn to criminal policy tools.
Resumo O artigo busca perscrutar as lutas em torno dos modos de nomear os sujeitos que utilizam as ruas como morada, com intuito de perceber as sutilezas das redes de saber e poder que essas ...classificações históricas mobilizam. Recorrendo a um extenso levantamento bibliográfico e documental e à pesquisa etnográfica com os sujeitos que habitam as ruas, em suas diferentes interações, o texto historiciza as classificações atribuídas a esses sujeitos - do outrora vadio, indigente, mendigo ao presente integrante da população em situação de rua -, problematizando as diferentes estratégias repressivas e normalizadoras que continuam a recair sobre essas pessoas, encetando formas de assujeitamento, mas também modos de resistência. Quer recusando as classificações e seus estigmas, quer negando a moradia como única e primordial resposta política, esses sujeitos enunciam outros modos de ser, viver e se relacionar com a cidade, ocupando lugares outros, que chamamos aqui de “a terceira margem das instituições”.
Abstract This study aims to scrutinize the disputes surrounding the ways of naming subjects who use the streets as their home in an attempt to understand the nuances of the nets of knowledge and power these historical classifications mobilize. Resorting to an extensive bibliographic, documentary survey and ethnographic research with subjects who inhabit the streets in their different interactions, this study historicizes the classifications attributed to these subjects - from the once vagrant, indigent, beggar to the current homeless situation - problematizing the different repressive and normalizing strategies that continue to affect this public, initiating forms of subjection and modes of resistance. Whether refusing classifications and their stigmas or denying housing as the only and primary political solution, these subjects enunciate other ways of being, living, and relating to the city, occupying other places, which we call “the third margin of institutions.”
We explore China's pollution emission convergence through theoretical deduction and empirical test using a spatial Green Solow model. First, the extended theoretical analysis results show that an ...economy will pass the inflection point of Environmental Kuznets Curve when growth rate of pollution reduction technology exceeds that of output, which supports the existence of pollution emission convergence. Secondly, estimation results of a dynamic spatial panel data model show that China's urban pollution emission has convergence properties in which club convergence will come true first. Thirdly, China's low-pollution urban cluster has entered a benign pattern of pollution prevention; the medium-pollution club characterized by pollution transfer shows beggar-thy-neighbor effects; while the high-pollution club with a typical positive feedback mechanism of pollution still faces risks of escalating pollution. Hence, the government should pay great attention to pollution prevention of the medium- and high-pollution clubs by strengthening regional coordination and accelerating industrial upgrading, which promotes the shift of pollution prevention from club convergence to absolute convergence and provides an environmental guarantee for high-quality development.
•We extend the Green Solow model theoretically, and characterize the spatial spillover effects of pollution emission.•China’s urban pollution emission is featured by club convergence via estimation of empirical equations of pollution emission•China’s urban pollution emission can be divided into three clubs: the low-, medium- and high-pollution clubs.•The high-pollution club converges fastest, followed by low-pollution club, and medium-pollution club converges slowest.
This article proposes a comparative study of everyday police controls of vagrants in two Belgian cities – a port city and a capital city – at the end of the nineteenth century, a period that was ...characterized by heightened mobility and social fear about the so-called ‘masterless poor’. The first section of the article looks at the annual arrest and prosecution rates for vagrancy in Antwerp and Brussels between 1880 and 1910, as well as at the daily instructions from the city authorities and police chiefs to their policemen on how to deal with vagrants and unwanted newcomers. Next, drawing on a selection of archival records of the central police divisions of Antwerp and Brussels from the 1880s, we examine if and how police controls focused on mobile groups when they dealt with vagrancy, and whether they answered the preoccupations of local authorities. In line with the findings of other scholars, we demonstrate that the notion of vagrancy was so elastic that, in both cities, many different groups were arrested and prosecuted for this offence. Next to foreign and internal migrants, the Antwerp and Brussels police also apprehended local people, born in the city or in the surrounding province, who were not necessarily mobile and often known to them. To explain this, we argue that, in practice, the policing of vagrancy was not only shaped by top-down repression, but also by bottom-up uses of the police by vulnerable individuals in need of shelter.
In the early 1800s, cities across the Atlantic world launched welfare reforms designed to curtail excessive spending. Cities like Philadelphia opened numerous investigations into the rise of poverty ...and local governments ushered in new practices that depended heavily on institutions like hospitals, prisons, and boarding schools. This article considers the rhetoric used by early Philadelphia reformers to defend reform practices. Relying on hundreds of pension applications, I compare descriptions of the poor offered by government officials with actual pension records. I argue that these reforms evidence a shifting of historic protections for disabled persons, and a refusal on behalf of government officials to acknowledge the rise of a disabled minority in the United States. Changes to the poor laws barred disabled populations from securing home-based care resources, and posed institutionalization as the sole solution to rising poverty rates.
To assess the prevalence of HIV infection and the correlates among street beggars in Tehran, Iran.
In a survey conducted in Tehran during 2007 to 2008, 4230 men and women beggars were collected by ...municipality. As a routine approach, we got serologic test for HIV. A questionnaire regarding socio-demographic and injection drug use (IDU) behaviors was designed.
HIV prevalence was 1% (0.7–1.3) in the study population. HIV infection was associated with older age (adjusted OR: 0.38 for >50 years), birthplace (adjusted OR: 2.06) and being IDU (adjusted OR: 8.26).
Regarding the HIV prevalence and the correlated, we recommend harm reduction programs such as needle exchange, expanding methadone maintenance therapy and renewing education among this population.
Scholars' opinions diverge on the relationship between a firm's negative attainment discrepancy and its international expansion. To reconcile the dispute, we draw upon the behavioral theory of the ...firm and develop an empirical framework that integrates the perspectives of problemistic search, experiential learning, and vicarious learning. We contend that a firm's search behavior is jointly influenced by its performance feedback and accumulated (both direct and indirect) experience. Specifically, the international experience of the focal firm or its peers plays an important role in triggering the firm's internationalization process by shaping the direction of problemistic search: a firm is more likely to pursue international expansion as a solution for performance shortfalls if it (or its peers) possesses more general experience or successful experience in foreign markets. Analysis on longitudinal data (2011–2019) from publicly listed Chinese firms supports our hypotheses. This study makes theoretical contribution on firm internationalization literature and the behavioral theory of the firm, and provides a practical insight into firms' strategic decision-making process.
Introduction: In India, charity is the noblest cause of human virtues and due to these religious myths, begging became the traditional profession. Beggars are the people "asking passerby for money ...for themselves without offering anything in return." They are always undermined, humiliated and neglected in society. Hence, an attempt was made to assess the oral health status of beggars Jodhupur region. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the oral health status and oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) among Beggars (homeless) of Jodhpur Region, Rajasthan, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 113 beggars (homeless) to assess the oral health status and OHRQoL in Jodhpur Region, which was done by WHO Oral Health Assessment Form (1997) and oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14). The collected data were statistically analyzed by using descriptive statistics as well as Pearson's correlation. Results: It was found that caries prevalence was 63.7%, and 43.2% of population were having gingival bleeding as well as periodontal pockets with 4-5 mm depth. The highest mean score was seen for the psychological disability; 3.226 ± 0.453 followed by handicap; 3.03 ± 0.16 and least was for physical disability; 2.33 ± 0.569. Conclusion: Mostly dental problems and poor oral health status were due to high level of unmet needs in the study population which highlights the need for a comprehensive dental care program. This study has utility for policymakers and other stakeholders to improve the oral health as well as knowledge of this population.
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